{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:13:44Z","timestamp":1789456424006,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":256,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Successful responses to foreign animal diseases (FADs) such as African Swine Fever (ASF) in swine populations depend on the timely planning and implementation of effective biosecurity measures at the farm level. This study aimed to characterize biosecurity preparedness among swine farms in Puerto Rico and to identify geographic areas with higher biosecurity\u2010related vulnerabilities across the island. Data were collected from 95 swine farms from seven regions using an adapted form of the enhanced biosecurity plan templates available from the Secure Pork Supply (SPS) Plan, a nationally recognized framework. Biosecurity scores were calculated using 37 captured variables related to biosecurity measures and transformed into a percentage. The overall average biosecurity score was 42.8%\u2009\u00b1\u20094.5%. Lower regional\u2010level biosecurity scores were observed in western regions. Although some operational practices, such as feed storage management and the use of dedicated vehicles and equipment, showed higher levels of adoption, critical components such as the availability of equipment necessary for depopulation and manure storage capacity to prevent the introduction and spread of highly relevant pathogens were often lacking, particularly regarding producer\u2010level knowledge and preparedness. Overall, farms housing multiple species showed significantly lower biosecurity scores, while larger herd sizes being associated with higher biosecurity scores (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.05). These findings suggest that biosecurity implementation remains limited across many farms, particularly among multi\u2010species and smaller\u2010scale operations, highlighting the need for targeted and context\u2010adapted biosecurity outreach and preparedness efforts in Puerto Rico, particularly in western regions located closer to ASF\u2010endemic areas in the Caribbean.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3769536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:48:38Z","timestamp":1789454918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors Associated With Biosecurity Preparedness for Foreign Animal Diseases Among Swine Farms in the United States Territory of Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-877X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica P.","family":"Mateus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3498-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Flaherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3219-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isha","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia G.","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15172515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","unstructured":"Secure Pork Supply U.S. Pork Industry Guide to the Secure Pork Supply Plan 2026 https:\/\/www.securepork.org\/biosecurity\/#write [cited 2026 Apr 28]. Available from:."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","unstructured":"FlemingC. MillsK. CardenasN. GalvisJ. A. andMachadoG. Enhancing U.S. Swine Farm preparedness for infectious foreign animal diseases with rapid access to biosecurity information arXiv 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 14]. Available from:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2504.09208 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2504.09208."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA ERS) Farm Household Well-Being: Glossary 2026 [cited 2026 Feb 9]. Available from:https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/farm-economy\/farm-household-well-being\/glossary."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA NASS) 2022 Census of Agriculture Family Farms2025 https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/Highlights\/2025\/Census22_HL_FamilyFarms_FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5537668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.05.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","unstructured":"USDA Census of Agriculture: Puerto Rico [Internet] 2022 https:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/AgCensus\/2022\/Full_Report\/Outlying_Areas\/Puerto_Rico\/st72_3_083_083.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) Revision of Federal Order DA-2021-0002 to Authorize the Movement of Certain Swine Products and Swine Byproducts Under Specified Conditions from Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands 2021 Virgin Islands [Internet]. 2021. Available from:https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/fo-asf-signed.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation Python (Version 3.x) 2024 https:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030434"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1245754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4929141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-026-00493-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-022-00701-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services (USDA APHIS Wildlife Services) Environmental Assessment: Managing Damage Caused by Mammal and Reptile Species in Puerto Rico 2021 https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/USDA-WS_PR-Mammal_Reptile%20EA%20FINAL%20%28002%29.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07336-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04195-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111830"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/3769536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/3769536","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/3769536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:48:48Z","timestamp":1789454928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/3769536"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claude","family":"Saegerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/3769536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/3769536","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3769536"}}