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To clarify host immune correlates of FMDV persistence, we characterized systemic T\u2010 and B\u2010cell responses, as well as mucosal responses in 15 vaccinated cattle following experimental FMDV challenge. The prevalence of FMDV persistence was 53.3%. While peripheral CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    T\u2010cell populations and their respective na\u00efve\/memory\/effector subpopulations showed comparable frequencies between carriers and noncarriers, carriers exhibited significantly lower frequencies of IFN\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010producing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes during early infection, indicating compromised cell\u2010mediated immune responses essential for viral clearance. During persistent infection, carriers displayed a distinctive immunological profile characterized by significantly reduced peripheral B\u2010cell frequencies and increased secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF), with comparable systemic antigen\u2010specific and neutralizing antibody titers across groups throughout the study period. Notably, the combination of peripheral B cell frequencies with OPF sIgA levels demonstrated superior diagnostic specificity for vaccinated carrier identification compared to either indicator alone. Our findings highlight key immune features of FMDV persistence and propose a dual\u2010biomarker approach for detecting asymptomatic carriers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/4010309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:19:02Z","timestamp":1766985542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinctive Immunological Signatures Define Foot\u2010and\u2010Mouth Disease Virus Persistence in Vaccinated 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