{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:55:44Z","timestamp":1781333744502,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":162,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2300400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The incidence of infections caused by rare pathogens has increased in recent years. This necessitates the development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this study, we report the first documented case of\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus steynii<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010induced pulmonary infection in humans. We evaluated the morphological and molecular characteristics of this fungus to elucidate its role in human infections. A 47\u2010year\u2010old woman with immunosuppression after bone marrow transplantation developed symptoms of pulmonary infection. The pathogen was identified as\n                    <jats:italic>A. steynii<\/jats:italic>\n                    through culture techniques, microscopy, mass spectrometry, multigene molecular identification, and whole\u2010genome sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed, and comparative genomic analysis was conducted to assess the phylogenetic relationship and genomic characteristics of\n                    <jats:italic>A. steynii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Genomic analysis revealed a high degree of similarity with other pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Furthermore, we identified 470 unique gene families primarily associated with ABC transporter pathways linked to multidrug resistance. The strain was sensitive to triazoles and echinocandins but exhibited elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole. In addition, multiple potential drug resistance genes were identified, indicating the potential for multidrug resistance. The emergence of\n                    <jats:italic>A. steynii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in humans poses new clinical challenges and risks, including cross\u2010species transmission and multidrug resistance. The potential for\n                    <jats:italic>A. steynii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, highlights the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis or delayed treatment. Thus, our findings have the potential to improve the clinical and differential diagnosis of this infection and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/4093308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:06:45Z","timestamp":1781330805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Report of Human Infection Caused by\n                    <i>Aspergillus steynii<\/i>\n                    and Analysis of Its Whole\u2010Genome Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9942-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7635-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8882-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiying","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6595-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1915-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2917-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9562-2053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunzhuo","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shitong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sufei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100359"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/mojbm.2023.08.00188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Emerging Mould Infections: Get Prepared to Meet Unexpected Fungi in Your Patient","volume":"58","author":"Delliere S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","article-title":"Emerging Fungal Infections in Cancer Patients-A Brief Overview","volume":"2","author":"Natesan S. K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medical Mycology: Open Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1063851","article-title":"Rare and Emerging Fungal Pulmonary Infections","volume":"29","author":"Varkey J. B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aspergillosis: Causes, Forms, and Medication; A Fungal Infection","volume":"9","author":"Neelam S.-W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology & Mycology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","volume-title":"The Genus Aspergillus-Pathogenicity, Mycotoxin Production and Industrial Applications","author":"Thammahong A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00311-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10040251"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5030055","article-title":"Invasive Aspergillosis by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Antifungal Resistance, and Management","volume":"5","author":"Rudramurthy S. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893318040088","article-title":"CTAB-PEG DNA Extraction From Fungi With High Contents of Polysaccharides","volume":"52","author":"Huang X.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa7526"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215087.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-31"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-1-r7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1832-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac174","article-title":"TimeTree 5: An Expanded Resource for Species Divergence Times","volume":"39","author":"Kumar S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120767"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012313"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","article-title":"Host-Pathogen Interactions Mediated by MDR Transporters in Fungi: As Pleiotropic as it Gets!","volume":"9","author":"Mafalda C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02628-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01839-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00425-24","article-title":"Gene-Specific Transcriptional Activation by the Aspergillus fumigatus AtrR Factor Requires a Conserved C-Terminal Domain","volume":"9","author":"Ror S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02748-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00338-20","article-title":"Characterization of the Efflux Capability and Substrate Specificity of Aspergillus fumigatus PDR5-Like ABC Transporters Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"11","author":"Esquivel B. D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","article-title":"Azole Resistance and cyp51A Mutation of Aspergillus fumigatus in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Tsun-Hao H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Insight Into the Significance of Aspergillus fumigatus cyp51A Polymorphisms","volume":"62","author":"Rocio G.-R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.3.1351-1357.2002","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of the Relative Transcript Levels of ABC Transporter Atr Genes in Aspergillus nidulans by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay","volume":"68","author":"Camile Pizeta S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0513","article-title":"Long-Term CT Follow-up in 40 Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients With Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Kinetics of CT Morphology and Correlation With Clinical Findings and Outcome","volume":"187","author":"Harald B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"63","author":"Thomas F. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01720-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2021.100115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","unstructured":"SatiH. B. J. Alastruey-IzquierdoA. andAlffenaarJ.-W. et al.WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research Development and Public Health Action 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.31126.63040."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1155184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A Side-Effect of Environmental Fungicide Use?","volume":"9","author":"Verweij P. E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2076614"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2034485"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/4093308","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/4093308","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/4093308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:06:50Z","timestamp":1781330810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/4093308"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nan-hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/4093308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/4093308","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4093308"}}