{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:22:56Z","timestamp":1787556176823,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":235,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) remains a major constraint to small ruminant production and food security, and a global eradication target for 2030 have been set by FAO\/WOAH. This review analyses recent evidence on the feasibility of that target by integrating epidemiological indicators, operational performance of vaccination and surveillance systems, and structural drivers that sustain transmission. We find that the main barriers to eradication are not either virological\/methodological or programmatic: achieving and sustaining high population immunity in pastoral and highly mobile systems; cold\u2010chain and logistics constraints that reduce effective vaccine delivery; uneven surveillance sensitivity, timeliness, and data quality that limit detection of residual foci; and persistent reseeding via informal trade and transboundary movements. Multihost dynamics at wildlife\u2013livestock interfaces, together with fragility factors such as conflict and climate\u2010driven mobility, further complicate the endgame. Recent incursions into previously free territories highlight that progress is reversible when borders and surveillance systems are stressed. The dominance of PPR virus (PPRV) lineage IV in global spatiotemporal distribution has become increasingly evident in the last 10 years. We conclude that global freedom by 2030 is unlikely without rapid, synchronized improvements in coverage, surveillance performance, and cross\u2010border coordination. A pragmatic pathway beyond 2030 should prioritize risk\u2010based vaccination targeting high\u2010connectivity corridors and markets, routine postvaccination seromonitoring as a decision trigger, strengthened endgame\u2010grade surveillance (including targeted genomic investigation), and regional compacts that align implementation with broader resilience and economic development goals. We suggest that a new, revised global planning consisting of three consecutive phases would be more appropriate and predictable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/4504556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:06:40Z","timestamp":1787555200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological and Operational Constraints on the Feasibility of Peste des Petits Ruminants Eradication Target by 2030: Necessity for a New Pragmatic Road Map"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1793-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadir","family":"Ye\u015filba\u011f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5130-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mevl\u00fct","family":"Ya\u015far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","unstructured":"ICTV Morbillivirus Caprinae Taxon Details 2022 (Accessed January 1 2026)https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202401619&taxon_name=Morbillivirus%20caprinae."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062287"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","unstructured":"FAO-WOAH Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR 2015 (Accessed January 4 2026)https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/08\/fao-oie-guidelines-final-24-08-web.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14544"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","unstructured":"WOAH WOAH and FAO Call on Members to Strengthen Global Efforts to Eradicate PPR 2025 (Accessed January 31 2026)https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/woah-and-fao-call-on-members-to-strengthen-global-efforts-to-eradicate-ppr\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2014-0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.140684"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14073"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030313"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.SE.3556"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040563"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","unstructured":"FAO and WOAH Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Eradication Programme II & III: Overview of the Plan of Action (2022-2030). Blueprint 2022 (Accessed February 1 2026)https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/7cc37bdf-c2a3-4874-8504-ef93593d05bb\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","unstructured":"WOAH Achieving the Pan African PPR Eradication Programme the EU Support to Eradicate PPR From Africa 2025 (Accessed May 15 2026)https:\/\/rr-africa.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/9.-Salih-AU-IBAR-PPR.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000944"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010059"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071196"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","unstructured":"AU-IBAR Uniting Africa for a PPR-Free Future and Mobilizing Action With the Pan-African PPR Programme Launch [Online] 2025 (Accessed February 1 2026)https:\/\/www.au-ibar.org\/news\/latest-news\/uniting-africa-ppr-free-future-and-mobilizing-action-pan-african-ppr-programme."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2025.2581911"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04312-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19704"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106051"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-025-04368-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1402342"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/7531764"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11060280"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1175689"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311030"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-014-0213-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121133"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04313-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13095"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-0020-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00302"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.15189"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06619-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2021.356900.1939"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030293"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050838"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.181998"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5542497"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41630-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51452\/kazatuvc.2023.3(003).1501"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010056"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01471-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17091151"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020168"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112320"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711646115"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2023.100725"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190296"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030333"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41977-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41404-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1392893"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02669-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-024-00249-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241311514"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1638778"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0688-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2026.106787"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.898485"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105840"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070679"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_2","unstructured":"DEFRA Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs UK. Peste des Petits Ruminants in Europe: Updated Outbreak Assessment #8 2025 (Accessed February 1 2026)https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/69496d261a2e540ccd8a549d\/PPR_in_Europe__8_Dec_2025.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_2","unstructured":"DEFRA Updated Outbreak Assessment #9 Peste des Petits Ruminants in Europe 2026 (Accessed May 15 2026)https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/69e638828c9f882ae5997f7e\/PPR_in_Europe__9.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263616"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020244"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14066"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102976"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1697536"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010054"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.809128"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232681"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f318"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08865655.2015.1068206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061698"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5329898"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004438"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00283"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_2","unstructured":"Al AbboudM. A. Report on the PPR Situation in Syria. Consultative Seminar on Progress Made in FMD\/PPR Roadmaps for East Mediterranean Countries Beirut-Lebanon 11-13 September 2022 2022 (Accessed January 26 2026)https:\/\/rr-middleeast.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2022\/09\/6-ppr-_gf-tads-2022-syria.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_2","unstructured":"FAO Yemen: Humanitarian Response Plan 2024 2024 (Accessed January 26 2026)https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/items\/771362cc-bfb5-46fc-ae03-e33ed67786c8."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_2","unstructured":"FAO The Importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for Global Agricultural Markets and the Risks Associated With the Current Conflict 2022 (Accessed January 26 2026)https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/3d62caef-1749-404e-8217-6ac4783a135b\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_2","unstructured":"FAO Gaza: Geospatial Data Shows Intensifying Damage to Cropland 2024 (Accessed January 26 2026)https:\/\/www.fao.org\/newsroom\/detail\/gaza-geospatial-data-shows-intensifying-damage-to-cropland\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_2","unstructured":"FAO Gaza: FAO Delivers More Than 2 400 Veterinary Kits to Protect Livestock and Sustain Livelihoods 2024 (Accessed June 3 2026)https:\/\/www.fao.org\/newsroom\/detail\/gaza-fao-delivers-more-than-veterinary-kits-to-protect-livestock\/en#:~:text=Under%20the%202024%20UN%20Flash Gaza%20Strip%2C%20(ii)%20restocking."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_2","unstructured":"UNRWA UNRWA Situation Report #147 on the Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank including East Jerusalem 2024 (Accessed January 26 2026)https:\/\/www.unrwa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/resources\/unrwa_gaza_sitrep_147_12_november_2024_eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.831752"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030241"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252045"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac87c1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCCSM-10-2023-0126"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae027"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_2","unstructured":"WOAH Controlling the Cross-Border Spread of Livestock Diseases 2025 (Accessed February 1 2026)https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/article\/controlling-the-cross-border-spread-of-livestock-diseases\/."}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/4504556","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/4504556","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/4504556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1787555206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/4504556"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/4504556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/4504556","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4504556"}}