{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:09:50Z","timestamp":1785510590360,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":211,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32000028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32000028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJJQ2025021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJJQ2025021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteric coronavirus that poses a considerable risk to swine production worldwide. G\u2010quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures known to regulate critical steps of viral life cycles in multiple viruses; however, the existence and biological role of RNA G4s (RG4s) in PDCoV remain unclear. In this study, we identified putative G4\u2010forming sequences (PQSs) in the nonstructural proteins 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>Nsp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes of the PDCoV genome, which are highly conserved across PDCoV strains, based on bioinformatic analysis. Fluorescence turn\u2010on assays and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that these PQSs fold into typical parallel RG4 structures in vitro, and their RG4 formation in living cells was further confirmed using G4\u2010specific probes. Notably, treatment with the G4 ligands TMPyP4 and pyridostatin (PDS) significantly reduced PDCoV\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA abundance and corresponding protein expression, concomitant with a marked decrease in viral titers in LLC\u2010PK1 cells. In addition, RG4 structures identified in the\n                    <jats:italic>Nsp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNAs were shown to inhibit translation through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Moreover, G4 ligands, such as PDS and TMPyP4, targeted the RG4 structure in\n                    <jats:italic>Nsp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA and significantly inhibited Nsp2\u2010EGFP fusion protein expression without affecting the expression of the M\u2010EGFP fusion protein. In summary, our work supports the presence of sequence\u2010conserved functional RG4 structures in the PDCoV genome and provides new insights into the development of antiviral strategies targeting PDCoV RG4s.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5088147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:34:50Z","timestamp":1785508490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RNA G\u2010Quadruplexes in the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Genome: Structural Regulation and Therapeutic Targeting for Antiviral Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6064-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9129-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8197-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8090-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6093-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanke","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.140756","article-title":"Porcine Coronavirus HKU15 Detected in 9 US States, 2014","volume":"20","author":"Wang L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29062-5","article-title":"Structures of a Deltacoronavirus Spike Protein Bound to Porcine and Human Receptors","volume":"13","author":"Ji W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06540-11","article-title":"Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus, Deltacoronavirus, Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus","volume":"86","author":"Woo P. 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