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To investigate the epidemiology, phylogenetics, and antimicrobial resistance of bovine\u2010origin strains, 174 bacterial isolates were obtained from 180 mastitic milk samples across eight dairy farms in Henan Province. Sixty\u2010five isolates were identified as\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., including 61\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2\n                    <jats:italic>K. quasipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 1\n                    <jats:italic>K. oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 1\n                    <jats:italic>K. michiganensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phylogenetic analysis assigned most isolates to the KpI phylogroup, and multilocus sequence typing revealed 24 sequence types, with ST107 and ST1083 predominating. SNP\u2010based phylogeny indicated two major clades with evidence of clonal spread. Compared with human hypervirulent reference strains, bovine isolates were genetically distinct, lacking key virulence genes\n                    <jats:italic>rmpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>iuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>iro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while only a minority carried\n                    <jats:italic>ybt<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among the 65\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, 31 (47.7%) were ESBL producers, mainly carrying\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M\u22123<\/jats:sub>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M\u221215<\/jats:sub>\n                    , one\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate harbored the carbapenemase\u2010encoding gene\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM\u22121<\/jats:sub>\n                    . ESBL producers showed &gt;90% resistance to \u03b2\u2010lactams but remained largely susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, with 87.1% displaying multidrug resistance. Co\u2010occurrence of multiple resistance and virulence determinants was observed, and the dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes was strongly associated with the mobile element IS\n                    <jats:italic>Ecp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Plasmid analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes were primarily located on IncFIB(K) plasmids, while the\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM\u22121<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010positive isolate carried a transferable IncC2 plasmid. SNP analysis further supported clonal dissemination among isolates with identical STs. These findings demonstrate that dairy cattle serve as important reservoirs of multidrug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , where resistance is driven by both clonal transmission and plasmid\u2010mediated horizontal transfer. This highlights potential risks for animal health, antimicrobial stewardship, and zoonotic transmission to humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5331014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:11:02Z","timestamp":1780132262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological and Genomic Characteristics of\n                    <i>bla<\/i>\n                    <sub>CTX-M<\/sub>\n                    and\n                    <i>bla<\/i>\n                    <sub>NDM<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Producing\n                    <i>K. pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    From Dairy Cows in Henan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7637-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2218-4819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongzheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8207-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","article-title":"Basic Facts of Mastitis in Dairy Animals: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Khan M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00204-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","volume-title":"Bacterial Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.4c00094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","volume-title":"Antibiotics on 22nd WHO Model List of Essential Medicines","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) Classification of Antibiotics for Evaluation and Monitoring of use","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03537-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24448-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","unstructured":"SeemannT. 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