{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:53:39Z","timestamp":1789876419265,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":229,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32473027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KQ25019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KQ25019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-XJPY202305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XJPY202305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    serotype 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>SS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes severe meningitis and high mortality in both humans and swine. Growing evidence shows that metabolites generated along the gut\u2010brain axis regulate neuroinflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that oral administration of sodium butyrate (NaB) (300 or 600\u2009mg\/kg\/day) for 28 days lowered mortality and lessened neuropathological signs in mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>SS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>SC19<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain). Butyrate prophylaxis was associated with lower bacterial loads in the blood and brain tissue, preserved expression of tight junction proteins (ZO\u20101, Claudin\u20105, and Occludin) in the brain, and maintained blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>SC19<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection significantly diminished the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota, notably depleting key short\u2010chain fatty acid (SCFA)\u2010producing bacterial taxa. Butyrate intervention restored microbial homeostasis and enriched SCFA\u2010producing communities. Mechanistically, butyrate was associated with upregulated expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant effectors (heme oxygenase 1 [HO\u20101] and NQO1), while inhibiting phosphorylation of NF\u2010\u03baB p65 and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin\u20101\u03b2 [IL\u20101\u03b2], interleukin\u20106 [IL\u20106], and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 [TNF\u2010\u03b1]) in human cortical microvessels endothelial cells\/D3 (hCMEC\/D3) cells. Critically, these protective effects were abrogated upon pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2, indicating the critical role of Nrf2 in butyrate\u2010mediated attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Our findings highlight the prophylactic potential of modulating the gut\u2010brain axis as a novel strategy to mitigate central nervous system (CNS) infections associated with foodborne pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5502623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:58:45Z","timestamp":1787043525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut Microbiota\u2010Derived Butyrate Strengthens Blood\u2010Brain Barrier Integrity and Attenuates\n                    <i>Streptococcus suis SC19<\/i>\n                    \u2010Induced Meningitis: Involvement of the Gut\u2010Brain Axis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangyuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meili","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huachun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. 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