{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:15:50Z","timestamp":1783440950796,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00399814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00399814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a devastating viral disease causing substantial economic losses in the poultry industry and posing potential zoonotic risks. Located along the East Asian\u2013Australasian Flyway (EAAF), South Korea has experienced recurrent outbreaks of HPAI since 2003. Following the severe 2016\u20132017 epidemic, the government implemented strengthened control measures, including restrictions on duck farming and organizational restructuring. This study quantitatively evaluated structural changes in the spatiotemporal patterns and transmission dynamics of HPAI before and after the 2017 policy reinforcement, utilizing a complete dataset covering 12 epidemic waves between 2003 and 2025. Our analysis suggests a distinct shift in HPAI occurrence patterns from large\u2010scale, clustered epidemics to more sporadic occurrences in the post\u20102017 period. Pre\u20102017 epidemics, particularly the 5th and 6th waves, exhibited intense spatiotemporal clustering and high transmission potential. Conversely, post\u20102017 epidemics showed a significant reduction in outbreak density and the disappearance of large\u2010scale clusters. Notably, the 12th wave displayed a more circular diffusion pattern with outbreaks confined to specific regions, suggesting relatively more geographically contained spread. However, despite the overall reduction in scale, high spatiotemporal interaction intensity was intermittently observed, such as in the 11th wave, indicating that residual risks of explosive local transmission persist even during smaller epidemics. These findings suggest that the post\u20102017 pattern was temporally consistent with strengthened control policies aimed at reducing mechanical connectivity between farms, although this ecological analysis cannot separate policy effects from other time\u2010varying epidemiological and surveillance\u2010related factors. Nevertheless, a decline in case numbers does not necessarily imply the elimination of local transmission risk, highlighting the need to advance precise and risk\u2010based surveillance and response strategies to effectively manage residual risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5747471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:18:51Z","timestamp":1783437531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Clustered to Sporadic: Structural Shifts in the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of HPAI Following the 2017 Policy Reinforcement in South Korea (2003\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Dae","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9135-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Sung","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Avian Influenza 2023 https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/disease\/avian-influenza\/ Cited 2024 Oct 10."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Updated Joint FAO\/WHO\/WOAH Public Health Assessment of Recent Influenza A(H5) Virus Events in Animals and People 2025 https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2025\/07\/25728-fao-woah-who-h5-assessment.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Avian Influenza (H5N1) 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14587"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","first-page":"934","article-title":"The Role of Wild Birds in the Maintenance and Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses","volume":"56","author":"Swayne D. 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