{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1791504318689,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":107,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In summer 2024, Western Europe experienced extensive outbreaks of bluetongue virus Serotype 3 (BTV\u20103), a Culicoides\u2010borne orbivirus. Clinical disease was first detected in August 2024 in one of two Belgian zoos, predominantly affecting European bison (\n                    <jats:italic>Bison bonasus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and American bison (\n                    <jats:italic>Bison bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). These species showed high morbidity, two fatalities, and severe multisystemic lesions at necropsy. This outbreak coincided with reemergence of BTV\u20108 and increasing reports of emerging BTV\u201012 and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) circulation in Europe. Following the outbreak, samples from 116 animals representing 33 species were analyzed across two Belgian zoos (urban and rural), spanning a 20\u2010year period (2005\u20132025). Species belonged to Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Rodentia, Diprodontia, and Carnivora. Archived sera predating 2024 (retrospective), samples collected during the 2024 outbreak (outbreak), and follow\u2010up samples obtained through June 2025 (follow\u2010up) were tested at the Belgian National Reference Laboratory (NRL). Antibodies were screened using a pan\u2010BTV ELISA, and ELISA\u2010positive samples were further analyzed by virus neutralization tests (VNTs) to differentiate BTV\u20103 and BTV\u20108. Viral RNA detection was performed using RT\u2010qPCR assays targeting pan\u2010BTV, BTV\u20103, BTV\u201012, and EHDV. Serological reactivity was confined to Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. In total, 46 ruminants (67% of tested ruminants) and one greater one\u2010horned (GOH) rhinoceros (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were ELISA positive. VNT confirmed BTV\u20103 infection in 62% and BTV\u20108 in 9% of seropositive ruminants. Viral RNA was detected in whole blood from 28 individuals, representing 42% of the tested ruminants. Marked epidemiological differences were observed between zoos, with limited detection in the urban collection and widespread infection in the rural collection, likely reflecting differences in vector exposure. No evidence of BTV\u201012 or EHDV was detected. This study provides comprehensive documentation of BTV\u20103 in zoo\u2010housed species, integrating clinical, pathological, and longitudinal surveillance data. It underscores pronounced interspecies variability in susceptibility and immune response, providing critical insights for outbreak preparedness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5805846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T10:59:07Z","timestamp":1776509947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 Follow\u2010Up of the 2024 Outbreak in Two Belgian Zoos"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2050-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Spruyt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens","family":"Van Mulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4028-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2892-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"De Regge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Beci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7064-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Vercammen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1831708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Fenner\u2019s Veterinary Virology","author":"Palmarini P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-87312-5.50034-5","volume-title":"Virus Infections of Ruminants","author":"Erasmus B. 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Van MuldersL. De ReggeN. De LeeuwI. BeciB. andVercammenF. Blue Summer Black Future? Clinical Implications of a Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 Outbreak in a Belgian Zoo Proceedings of the European Zoo and Wildlife Health Conference 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070672"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilt009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-023-01635-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.150.2.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132540"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.4533"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","unstructured":"SandersonS. 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