{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:55:16Z","timestamp":1791284116402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008675","name":"Zayed University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12R343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12R343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008675","name":"Zayed University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) includes human tuberculosis caused by animal\u2010associated\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) being the major cause of zTB. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled burden of human\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and describe the genetic diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from humans in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. A literature search was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening of additional references. The literature used for this paper were published between 2000 and 2025. A random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of human\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Heterogeneity was assessed using the\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic, while sensitivity analysis and Egger\u2019s regression test were used to assess the robustness of the findings and potential small\u2010study effects, respectively. Totally, 27 studies from 10 MENA countries involving 6224 participants and 154\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013infected cases were included. The pooled prevalence of human\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was 3% (95% CI: 2%\u20134%), with substantial heterogeneity (\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200973.9%). The pooled prevalence was 4% in North Africa and 3% in the Middle East (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.408). The individual study did not have an effect on the pooled prevalence as the leave\u2010one\u2010out sensitivity analysis did not change the pooled prevalence. The funnel plot showed some visual asymmetry, while Egger\u2019s regression test did not provide statistical evidence of small\u2010study effects (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.852). The\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from humans in MENA region were classified under European 1 (Eu1) and European 2 (Eu2) clonal complexes. In conclusion, the review highlighted the significance of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in humans in the MENA region, although there is a shortage of epidemiological data from more than 50% of the countries of the region. The isolation of Eu1 and Eu2\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    clonal complexes from human\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates suggested the importation was infected from Europe, which further transmitted the strains to humans. Strengthening of a One Health approach\u2013based surveillance and molecular epidemiological studies in all MENA countries would contribute to the control of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in animals and humans in the region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/5876735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:35:13Z","timestamp":1791282913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Burden and Genetic Diversity of\n                    <i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>\n                    Infection in Humans in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Shamebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences College of Natural and Health Sciences Zayed University P.O. Box 144534, Academic City  Dubai UAE  zu.ac.ae"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-0129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aboma","family":"Zewude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551  Al Ain City Abu Dhabi UAE  uaeu.ac.ae"},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Institute of Public Health College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University PO Box 1555  Al Ain City Abu Dhabi UAE  uaeu.ac.ae"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8727-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temesgen","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551  Al Ain City Abu Dhabi UAE  uaeu.ac.ae"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeeha Abdelgaleel","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551  Al Ain City Abu Dhabi UAE  uaeu.ac.ae"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Barigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University P.O. Box 15551  Al Ain City Abu Dhabi UAE  uaeu.ac.ae"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Tibbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subregional Office for the Gulf-Cooperation Council States and Yemen Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations P.O. Box 62072  Abu Dhabi City Abu Dhabi Emirate UAE  fao.org"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Artaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences College of Natural and Health Sciences Zayed University P.O. 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