{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:26:53Z","timestamp":1775060813856,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI151758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI151758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-IPD-NIH-U01-AS-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-IPD-NIH-U01-AS-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ticks are major vectors of numerous pathogens affecting both livestock and humans. In Senegal, data on the diversity of tick\u2010borne pathogens (TBPs) in ruminant\u2010associated ticks remain limited. In total, 1703 ticks were collected from goats, sheep, and cattle across three ecological zones of Senegal (Sudanian, Sahelian, and Sudano\u2010Sahelian). Tick species were identified morphologically, and 300 individuals were screened for 36 microorganisms using a high\u2010throughput microfluidic real\u2010time PCR system. DNA was successfully extracted and amplified from 289 ticks. The most abundant species were\n                    <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (32.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>Hyalomma truncatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19.6%),\n                    <jats:italic>R. guilhoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.6%),\n                    <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (11.6%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Amblyomma variegatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (11.0%). Among the screened ticks, 226 (78.9%) were positive for at least one microorganism. True pathogens of veterinary and\/or zoonotic importance included\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma ovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (30.8%),\n                    <jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (23.9%),\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13.1%),\n                    <jats:italic>Theileria<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (11.1%), and\n                    <jats:italic>Ehrlichia canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4.8%), with sporadic detections of\n                    <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>A. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (0.3% each). In addition, non\u2010pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Francisella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010like endosymbionts (FLEs) were detected at high prevalence (37.4%) across all ecological zones. The presence of TBPs and\/or endosymbionts was significantly associated only with the tick\u2019s host in the multivariable logistic regression model. Ticks collected from goats (OR\u2009=\u20097.82;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.024) and sheep (OR\u2009=\u20097.70;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.015) were significantly more likely to be infected than those collected from cattle (reference group). A total of 96 cases of microorganism co\u2010occurrence were recorded across different tick species. Co\u2010infections were more frequent in ticks collected from the Sudano\u2010Sahelian zone (48.2%) and in those from sheep (32.0%). None of the detected microorganism species showed a significant associated with tick sex. This study represents the first large\u2010scale molecular survey of TBPs in ruminant\u2010associated ticks in Senegal, revealing both a high diversity of pathogens and a widespread presence of tick endosymbionts. While endosymbionts, such as FLEs, are not known to be pathogenic, their abundance may influence tick physiology and vector competence. The detection of zoonotic pathogens, such as\n                    <jats:italic>E. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>R. aeschlimannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , underscores the need to strengthen tick surveillance and investigate their potential public health implications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/6292857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:49:55Z","timestamp":1771602595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Multiple Microorganisms in Ruminant Ticks in Senegal Using High\u2010Throughput Microfluidic Real\u2010Time PCR"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2183-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliou","family":"Khoule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5143-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemence","family":"Galon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7036-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9thi\u00e9","family":"Ngom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9313-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baye Bado","family":"Ndoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ousseynou","family":"Sene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-4545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diawo","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004539"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Upcoming and Future Strategies of Tick Control: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Ghosh S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669809492187"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/299046a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0894"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2008.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","volume-title":"Laboratoire de Paludologie et Zoologie m\u00e9dicale","author":"Diatta G.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3742-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Tiques et h\u00e9moparasitoses du B\u00e9tail au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. 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