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Due to the advantages of high safety profile, excellent stability, and significant immune\u2010enhancing properties, nanoemulsions have become widely used adjuvants in animal vaccines. In this study, a novel astragalus polysaccharide nanoemulsion (APSN) was developed using pseudo\u2010ternary phase diagram method combined with phase inversion technique. The resulting nanoemulsion exhibited a hydrated diameter of approximately 78.82\u2009nm, with favorable stability and biocompatibility. A vaccine based on FMDV virus\u2010like particles (VLPs) was formulated using APSN as an adjuvant and was used to immunize mice and pigs. Mouse immunization results demonstrated that APSN significantly enhanced the levels of specific antibodies, IgG1, IgG2a, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and IL\u20104 induced by FMDV VLPs. Comparing with ISA\u2010206, immunization in pigs showed that APSN paired with FMDV VLPs induced higher levels of specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20104, and IFN\u2010\u03b3. The above results indicate that APSN is a new type of nanoemulsion adjuvant with strong potential to enhance vaccine immunogenicity, contributing valuable insights to the development of nanoadjuvant\u2010based vaccine formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/6693841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:50:12Z","timestamp":1758869412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Astragalus Polysaccharide Nanoemulsion: A Promising Adjuvant for Foot\u2010And\u2010Mouth Disease Virus\u2010Like Particle 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