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No vaccine is available for humans, and the only licensed veterinary vaccine, Toxovax, has limitations related to safety, stability, and large\u2010scale production. In this review, we analyze nanoparticle platforms, including PLGA, chitosan, lipid nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles, virus\u2010like particles, and porous delivery systems, in relation to antigen uptake and MHC\u2010I\/MHC\u2010II presentation, Th1\u2010polarized cellular immunity, and mucosal vaccination. We also consider how antigen selection, carrier properties, route of administration, and host species influence immune responses and protection. Available studies show that different antigens may perform differently within the same platform and that the same antigen may induce different outcomes when delivered by different carriers. From a One Health perspective, feline vaccination may reduce environmental oocyst contamination, whereas livestock vaccination may reduce tissue cysts and food\u2010borne transmission. Although parenteral mRNA\u2010LNP vaccines have reduced chronic\u2010stage parasite burdens in mice, direct evidence that they induce intestinal mucosal immunity remains limited. Key translational issues include validation in nonrodent hosts, chronic\u2010stage and mucosal endpoints, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory approval. Nanoparticle vaccines remain promising, but their successful development will require closer matching of antigen, platform, administration route, and target host.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/6819201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:45:25Z","timestamp":1789022725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticle\u2010Based Vaccines Against\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    : Immunological Rationale, Platform Strategies, and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8482-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5497-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7576-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6817-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanting","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1640-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4961-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2255-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany M.","family":"El-Wahsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4662-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtesam","family":"Al-Olayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamino Cenci","family":"Goga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3665-7779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0389-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"El-Ashram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003199373","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey J. 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