{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:52:24Z","timestamp":1782391944336,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":175,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S\/481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S\/481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a cell\u2010associated retrovirus of cattle transmitted mainly through the transfer of infected lymphocytes, but the possible role of hematophagous insects in its epidemiology remains incompletely understood. This study investigated BLV DNA in field\u2010collected\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    biting midges and\n                    <jats:italic>Stomoxys calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    from cattle farms in Poland. Insects were collected on four farms in northeastern Poland.\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were identified morphologically, classified by gonotrophic status, and pooled by species and status, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    were analyzed individually. DNA quality was verified by PCR targeting insect markers. Bovine host DNA was detected by PCR targeting mitochondrial cytochrome b in\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and prepronociceptin (PNOC) in\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . BLV proviral DNA was detected by TaqMan real\u2010time PCR targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, followed by nested PCR and sequencing of a 400 bp fragment of the\n                    <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. BLV DNA was detected in 20 of 138\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    pools (14.5%). BLV copy numbers ranged from 2 to 19,000 copies per 500\u2009ng of total DNA. All BLV\u2010positive\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    pools were also positive for bovine cytochrome b DNA. Among the\n                    <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010positive pools, 18 were positive in nested\n                    <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR, and 15 yielded high\u2010quality sequences. One\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimen was also positive in both BLV assays. Sequences obtained from insects were identical to those from infected cattle, and phylogenetic analysis assigned them to genotypes G4 and G7, the predominant BLV genotypes circulating in Poland. These findings provide field\u2010based molecular evidence that\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    biting midges and\n                    <jats:italic>S. calcitrans<\/jats:italic>\n                    can carry bovine blood and BLV DNA under natural farm conditions, supporting their possible role in the mechanical transfer of BLV between cattle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/7012598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:29:46Z","timestamp":1782390586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Evidence of Bovine Leukemia Virus in\n                    <i>Culicoides<\/i>\n                    Biting Midges and the Stable Fly\n                    <i>Stomoxys calcitrans<\/i>\n                    Collected on Cattle Farms in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Pluta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kowalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Ro\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8689-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kwa\u015bnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zi\u0119tek-Barszcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Ku\u017amak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-039232-2.50010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00328"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18925"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.120385"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058705"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020178"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104469"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.13.4.821"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/87.6.651"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05479-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","first-page":"252","article-title":"Identification of Different BLV Provirus Isolates by PCR RFLP and DNA Sequencing","volume":"114","author":"Beier D.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121609"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.08.1458"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.01.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.5.374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.09.1543"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Experimental Transmission of Bovine Leukosis Virus by Leucocytes Recovered From the Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, L.","volume":"24","author":"Freitas T. 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