{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:42:54Z","timestamp":1789468974834,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005627","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of animal biosecurity is growing, and it has been incorporated into the veterinary medicine curriculum, as well as into the European Animal Health Law and the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Animal Health Code. However, few studies have been conducted to date on the self\u2010perceived competencies acquired and the educational needs of veterinary students and practitioners in animal biosecurity. To address this, an online survey involving 651 participants from 66 countries across 5 continents was conducted (with predominance of Europe). The three sections of the survey were participant profiles, perceptions of their competencies, and additional training needs. The survey participants work in veterinary clinics, ambulatory practices, and academic environments. Main animal species managed were ruminants, companion animals, equids, poultry, and pigs. The level of agreement regarding the competencies acquired in relation to the managed species was consistent, except for the biosecurity audits. Competencies increased markedly between graduation and the tenth year of practice, followed by a slower progression. A total of 276 participants expressed a strong demand for training in biosecurity but a lower need for cleaning and disinfection protocols. No significant intercontinental differences (Africa, America, and Europe) were found for competencies in risk analysis and biosecurity audits. However, Africa showed a significantly lower median priority score for competencies related to cleaning\/disinfection, animal isolation, and information sourcing. Identifying priority competencies and training gaps will enable better\u2010targeted educational interventions, thereby contributing to Sustainable Development Goals 3 (good health and well\u2010being) and 10 (reduced inequalities).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/7275694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1789463781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biosecurity Competencies and Educational Needs Among Veterinary Professionals: A Multinational Cross\u2010Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Saegerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-3965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Renault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Wielick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blerta","family":"Mehmedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Ron-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3400-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3988-5029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bachir","family":"Souley-Kouato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. K. M.","family":"Anisur Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-France","family":"Humblet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9843-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Allano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","volume-title":"European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training Standard Operating Procedure Adopted by the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (Vienna, Austria) and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (Brussels, Belgium)","author":"European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2023-0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/429 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on Transmissible Animal Diseases and Amending and Repealing Certain Acts in the Area of Animal Health (Animal Health Law)","volume":"84","author":"European Parliament and of the Council","year":"2016","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2026.2626257"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","unstructured":"COHFE (Competencies for One Health field epidemiology framework) World Health Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Organisation for Animal Health 2024 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6743691"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1643029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","volume-title":"Terminology of European Education and Training Policy","author":"European centre for the development of Vocational Training","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","unstructured":"KoboToolbox Data Collection Tools 2026 (Accessed: 15 April 2026)https:\/\/www.kobotoolbox.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030791"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12865"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104992"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12488"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.36.3.2712"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pets3010013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1017452"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evj.70171"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/TT.2934"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.39.3.3174"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00286-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","unstructured":"FAO Developing Biosecurity Checklists to Facilitate the Progressive Adoption of Good Practices Among Pig Farmers in the United Republic of Tanzania 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.14.4.674-678.1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1326688"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","volume-title":"Import Risk Analysis Report for Horses From Approved Countries: Final Report","author":"Biosecurity Australia","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Acceptable Risk in Animal Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis: The New Zealand Experience","volume":"42","author":"Pharo H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198506"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13111"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13861"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14269"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","article-title":"Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Belgian Conventional and Free-Range Pig Farms: Longitudinal Follow-up of Batches From Birth to Slaughter, Modelling and Evaluation of Zoonotic Risk Mitigation Measures","author":"Wielick C.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","volume-title":"FAO Animal Production and Health Handbooks","author":"McLaws M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2021-0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00049-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to Implement Farm Biosecurity: The Role of Government and Private Sector, Asia-OIE Regional Commission","author":"Windsor P. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Organization for Animal Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.689811"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5524022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101315"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","volume-title":"Overview of the BBI 5 Year Strategy 2026, 2030 & the RTCP BBP","author":"Masuku Z.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105938"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105967"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223309"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100325"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1385849"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1324233"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/7275694","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/7275694","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/7275694","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:16:27Z","timestamp":1789463787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/7275694"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fedor","family":"Korennoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/7275694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/7275694","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7275694"}}