{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:47:13Z","timestamp":1785743233340,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":214,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) represents a prevalent zoonotic protozoan pathogen responsible for diarrheal disorders across human and animal hosts. To date, no licensed effective vaccines have been developed against giardiasis, and the emergence of drug resistance progressively impairs the efficacy of conventional clinical chemotherapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GEVs) exert pivotal functions in mediating parasite immune evasion as well as the initiation of host inflammatory cascades; nevertheless, the molecular regulatory circuits underlying GEV biosynthesis and secretion remain poorly defined. Previous bioinformatic predictions implicate Rab1a in vesicular trafficking within\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas its concrete biological contribution to GEV secretion has not been experimentally validated. The present work was designed to screen microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting Rab1a and further elucidate their modulatory effects on GEVs biogenesis. GEVs were purified from\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    WB\u2010strain trophozoites, and their identity was verified via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, modal diameter: 164.7\u2009nm), plus Western blot detection of classic extracellular vesicle biomarker proteins. High\u2010throughput miRNA sequencing was subsequently conducted to filter candidate miRNAs capable of interacting with the Rab1a 3\u2032 untranslated region (3\u2032UTR), from which miR\u2010375, miR\u2010133, and miR\u2010999 were shortlisted as prospective regulatory molecules. Functional verification revealed that only miR\u2010375 robustly repressed Rab1a expression at both mRNA and protein abundances. Dual\u2010luciferase reporter assays further authenticated the direct physical interaction between miR\u2010375 and the Rab1a 3\u2032UTR. Consistently, ectopic overexpression of miR\u2010375 resulted in a prominent decline in cellular GEV secretion. In summary, our experimental data corroborate that endogenous\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    miR\u2010375 suppresses Rab1a expression at the post\u2010transcriptional level to constrain downstream GEV release. The newly characterized miR\u2010375\u2010Rab1a\u2010GEVs regulatory axis deepens our mechanistic understanding of post\u2010transcriptional modulation governing vesicle formation in\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8019558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:18:48Z","timestamp":1785741528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["miR\u2010375 Regulates Extracellular Vesicle Secretion From\n                    <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i>\n                    via Targeting Rab1a"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9106-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoxiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1600-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9028-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengtao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7583-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2003.tb11490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102247"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","first-page":"449","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Investigations of Giardia lamblia in Children in Pakistan","volume":"136","author":"Naz A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Dunn N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105202"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihab026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110585"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100325"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009304"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13091799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04865-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05949-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/tjh.galenos.2022.2022.0054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000224"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.028118.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2012.01811.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06392-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2021.1929257"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016766"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00409-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00934-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17319"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.811971"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01115-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB01088C"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c08284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210903"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.01.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.709258"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.934611"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/8355886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.13004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01889-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011693"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4894(02)00037-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121600"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.06.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0719-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00316-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12169"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12940"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810550106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.244.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3809-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0389"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2013.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13620-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149460"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8019558","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/8019558","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8019558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:18:50Z","timestamp":1785741530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/8019558"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiangrui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/8019558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/8019558","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8019558"}}