{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:18:22Z","timestamp":1777072702522,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":338,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ticks and the pathogens they transmit are widespread in Caribbean animal populations. There is; however, limited information on the diversity of ticks and tick\u2010borne pathogens (TTBPs) in the region. This study aims to identify TTBPs across multiple Caribbean countries using a high\u2010throughput real\u2010time microfluidic PCR system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six Caribbean territories: Barbados, Guyana, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Tobago and Trinidad were targeted in this study. Nucleic acids were extracted from individual ticks, and a high\u2010throughput microfluidic real\u2010time PCR system was used to screen for 49 bacterial species (10 genera) and 18 protozoan species (six genera). Five tick species were detected using morphological or molecular techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 840 ticks were tested from 155 dogs and 111 cattle. Morphological and molecular diagnostic methods detected five tick species:\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sensu lato (s.l.),\n                      <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus microplus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Amblyomma variegatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Amblyomma ovale<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Amblyomma cajennense<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. Overall, the DNA of 18 pathogens belonging to eight genera was detected in 22.5% (189\/840) ticks obtained from both cattle (96\/335) and dogs (93\/505). The most prevalent pathogens were\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma marginale<\/jats:italic>\n                      14% (47\/335) and\n                      <jats:italic>Hepatozoon canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      3.4% (17\/505) in cattle and dog ticks, respectively. Dual and triple infections were also detected in 3.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928) and 0.6 % (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) of tested ticks, respectively. The DNA of\n                      <jats:italic>Ehrlichia ruminantium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in\n                      <jats:italic>R. sanguineus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>variegatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      from dogs in Barbados\u2010 a first record for this island. Another key finding was the novel detection of a\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. in a\n                      <jats:italic>R. sanguineus<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l. tick from Trinidad.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high diversity of pathogens detected in this study, with some being of veterinary and public health importance, highlights the strength of the high\u2010throughput microfluidic real\u2010time PCR system as a surveillance tool for the efficient and rapid detection of tick\u2010borne pathogens (TBPs) of veterinary, public health and economic significance in the Caribbean.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8135946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T13:37:54Z","timestamp":1764941874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diversity of Ticks in the Caribbean Region and Detection of Their Pathogens Using BioMark Technology"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6982-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxanne A.","family":"Charles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Albina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Gondard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Aprelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemence","family":"Galon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Trotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colbert","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharmine","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kofi","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Musai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Oura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5910-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Georges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","article-title":"Nueva Vacuna Para Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Garrapatas en Ganado","volume":"92","author":"Betancourt J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Per\u00edodico El Agro"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","volume-title":"Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens","author":"Hurtado O. 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