{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:17:26Z","timestamp":1789676246873,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary emerging disease of cattle and water buffaloes that threatens the livestock industry globally. Japan experienced its first outbreak in November 2024. This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of this outbreak and estimate the transmissibility using a mathematical model for within\u2010farm transmission. The first and second cases were confirmed on dairy farms in Itoshima City, Fukuoka Prefecture, southern Japan, on November 6, 2024. Twenty\u2010two farms were confirmed during this outbreak, with 17 cases in Itoshima City and the other two municipalities in Fukuoka Prefecture. The third case occurred in Kumamoto Prefecture on November 8, 2024, and was linked to the long\u2010distance movement of potentially infected cattle via the livestock market from the first case on October 18, 2024. Two additional cases were detected near the third case. Control measures included isolation and voluntary culling of infected cattle; voluntary movement restrictions on infected, suspected, and apparently healthy cattle on the same premises; and voluntary suspension of the raw milk and semen shipments from infected and suspected animals. These measures were voluntary; however, no violations were reported. Vector control was achieved with insecticides and insect\u2010proof netting. Voluntary vaccination was conducted within a 20\u2009km radius of affected farms in Fukuoka Prefecture. Mathematical modeling of within\u2010farm transmission dynamics revealed a transmission rate of 0.0031 (95% CI: 0.002\u20130.0044) per day. The basic reproduction number was 3.51 (95% CI: 2.26\u20134.98) based on a herd size of 49 and an infectious period of 23.1 days. Although the outbreak was geographically limited, this study highlights key epidemiological features of LSD, including its high transmission rate and long\u2010distance transmission via cattle movement. Japan has a persisting LSD virus (LSDV)incursion risk due to recent outbreaks in Asia. Strengthening preparedness, including awareness among farmers and veterinarians, emergency vaccination plans, vector control, traceability, and quarantine protocols for cattle movement, is essential to mitigate future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8488125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T06:20:48Z","timestamp":1759213248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Descriptive Epidemiological Analysis for the First Outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease in Japan in 2024"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Hayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonoko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzu","family":"Kamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehisa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Lumpy Skin Disease Terrestrial Manual 2024 https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.04.12_LSD.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64029-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1266759"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Chapter 1.3. Terrestrial and Aquatic Animal Health Codes 2024 https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/#chapter\/?rid=7&volume_no=1&ismanual=false&language=102&standard_type=5&animal_type=7."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.3986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12897"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060577"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Final Report Study to Assess the Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Asia 2024 https:\/\/rr-asia.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Final-Report_Study-to-assess-the-impact-of-LSD_June-2024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14696"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01204-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.12.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14552"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14736"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08639-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) WAHIS: World Animal Health Information System 2024 https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/#\/home."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.25-0290"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","unstructured":"Ministry of AgricultureandForestry and Fisheries Guideline for Control and Prevention Measures Against Lumpy Skin Disease 2024 (in Japanese)https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/j\/syouan\/douei\/attach\/pdf\/lsd-29.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02239-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3972359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.799065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030477"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cris.2020.100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56605-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/EN11155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmab029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Seasonal Variation and Flight Activity of the Stable Fly Around Cow Sheds and Paddock (in Japanese)","volume":"46","author":"Yanagisawa J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Bulletin of the Aichi-Ken Agricultural Research Center"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"Lumpy Skin Disease","volume":"5","author":"Haig D. A.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"A Study of the Pathology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cattle","volume":"49","author":"Prozesky L.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718427"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.33.010188.001151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","volume-title":"Windborne Pests and Diseases: Meteorology of Airborne Organisms","author":"Pedgley D. E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.137.4.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/66.2.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/14.2.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g5808"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03008-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1012978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/13.1.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","unstructured":"HallR. TorpyJ. NyeR. ZalcmanE. andCowledB. C08233: Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Into Australia via Nonregulated Pathways\u2014Final Report 2022 Ausvet Pty. Ltd.."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","volume-title":"Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry","author":"Badger S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001637"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TuppurainenE.andGalonN. Lumpy Skin Disease: Current Situation in Europe and Neighbouring Regions and Control Measures Needed to Stop its Spread in South\u2013Eastern Europe 27th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for Europe 19\u201323 September 2016 Lisbon Portugal WOAH.","DOI":"10.20506\/TT.2554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223236"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12565"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1301546"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Deliberation on the Designation of Lumpy Skin Disease Under Cabinet Order at the Subcommittee on Cattle and Swine Diseases (in Japanese) Materials for the 72nd Meeting of the Livestock Hygiene Subcommittee on Cattle and Swine Diseases 2025 https:\/\/www.maff.go.jp\/j\/council\/seisaku\/eisei\/bukai72\/attach\/pdf\/250430-72\/attach\/pdf\/21.pdf."}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8488125","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/8488125","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8488125","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:00:31Z","timestamp":1773003631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/8488125"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fedor","family":"Korennoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/8488125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/8488125","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8488125"}}