{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:27:29Z","timestamp":1789759649129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since its first incursion in 2019, African swine fever (ASF) has remained a constant threat to the Vietnamese swine industry. The nationwide commercialization and implementation of live\u2010attenuated vaccines (LAVs), alongside depopulation\u2010repopulation efforts, necessitate a critical assessment of whether these strategies have driven inadvertent changes in circulating African swine fever virus (ASFV) strains. In this study, molecular surveillance of ASFV core genes was conducted in pigs from non\u2010vaccinated farms across Central and Southern Vietnam, comparing strains before and after LAVs\u2019 introduction. The results confirmed spillover and ongoing field circulation of LAV\u2010related strains and revealed a marked increase in genetic diversity, encompassing both vaccine\u2010like and novel wild\u2010type microvariants in the post\u2010vaccine commercialization phase. Notably, these microvariants harbored non\u2010synonymous single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and large segmental deletions within the\n                    <jats:italic>EP153R-EP402R<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, suggesting potential alterations in viral function. Most compellingly, a unique 15\u2010AGACCAGCAACAAAC\u2010nucleotide repeat in the\n                    <jats:italic>E183L<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene resulted in a five\u2010amino\u2010acid insertion (Arg\u2010Pro\u2010Ala\u2010Thr\u2010Asn) in the p54 protein, serving as a key marker for Vietnamese strains. Initial in silico analysis indicated that this novel p54 protein contained a longer \u03b1\u2010helix structure, which could influence viral movement and interactions with host cells. Overall, these subtle yet significant genetic shifts imply that ASFV might be rapidly evolving intra\u2010host under selective pressure from widespread immunization and\/or diverse introduction sources during repopulation, potentially enabling it to evade the host immune system. This highlights the essential need for robust biosecurity protocols, stringent regulatory oversight of LAV deployment, and the required genetic surveillance. For diagnosis and management, the urgent development of reliable DIVA (Differentiating Infected and Vaccinated Animals) tools and real\u2010time, adaptable molecular identification methods, coupled with a vaccination\u2010tracking system, is necessary for accurate and sustained ASF control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8776906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:22:39Z","timestamp":1772968959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Subtle Genetic Shifts of African Swine Fever Virus Among Vietnamese Domestic Swine Following Live\u2010Attenuated Vaccine Commercialization"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-1669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Che","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4104-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phakawat","family":"Tantitaveewattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nakarin","family":"Pamornchainavakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1825-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duy Tien","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roongtham","family":"Kedkovid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8780-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roongroje","family":"Thanawongnuwech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","unstructured":"USDA Livestock Auction Dashboard 2025 https:\/\/mymarketnews.ams.usda.gov\/livestock_auction_dashboard (accessed on August 11 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","unstructured":"WOAH African Swine Fever in Asia 2025 https:\/\/rr-asia.woah.org\/en\/projects\/asf\/ (accessed on August 20 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-002-0946-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030642"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01340-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1112850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.912224"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00408-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29326\/2304-196X-2019-3-30-3-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","unstructured":"QueN. N. LinhP. T. N. ThangT. C. ThuyN. T. ThinhN. T. andNguyen-VietH. Economic Impacts of African Swine Fever in Vietnam Internation Livestock Research Institute 2020 https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/bd455275-1c09-4137-af89-10d75255aabe\/content."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","unstructured":"DAH African Swine Fever Situation and Swine Disease Free Zones in Viet Nam WOAH 2024 https:\/\/rr-asia.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/12\/7.3-ASF-and-ADF-zones-in-Viet-Nam.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00845-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95641-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(02)00189-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101094"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020916"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00881-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2021-0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10068-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1048861"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2404156"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13835"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03033-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","unstructured":"MAE Update of African Swine Fever Virus Prevalence and Vaccine 2025 https:\/\/nguoichannuoi.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/CAP-NHAT-LUU-HANH-ASFV-12.09.2025.pdf (accessed on October 1 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040571"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","unstructured":"USDA Notice of Withdrawal of Select Agent Regulatory Exclusion for African Swine Fever Virus\u2013G\u2013\u0394I177L Federal Register 2024 https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2024-05-16\/pdf\/2024-10770.pdf (accessed on September 30 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172473"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2912.230966"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8992302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.11.7244-7252.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112811"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_2","volume-title":"Antigenic Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) p30 and p54 Proteins","author":"Petrovan V.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.197871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes3030461"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8776906","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/8776906","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/8776906","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1775054803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/8776906"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Linzhu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/8776906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/8776906","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8776906"}}