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However, a growing number of studies have identified this protozoan as the sole pathogen in cases of intestinal disorders, including diarrhea, in both humans and animals, suggesting it may be a neglected zoonotic pathogen. To investigate the pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic>P. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we here systematically evaluated its effects on healthy immunocompetent BALB\/c mice. Our findings revealed that infection with\n                    <jats:italic>P. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced injury in the large intestine, marked by inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial cell necrosis, and intestinal mucosal sloughing. These pathological changes persisted and worsened throughout the 90\u2010day observation period. Furthermore, infection appeared to disrupt goblet cell maturation or secretion, as indicated by increased periodic acid\u2013Schiff (PAS) staining alongside decreased MUC2 production. Elevated levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines were also detected in both intestinal lavage fluid and serum. Finally,\n                    <jats:italic>P. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection altered the composition of the gut microbiota, increasing both its richness and diversity. Notably, it raised the relative abundance of the inflammation\u2010associated genus\n                    <jats:italic>Desulfovibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while reducing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Collectively, these results provide compelling evidence that\n                    <jats:italic>P. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    acts as a zoonotic pathogen capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, the clinical significance of\n                    <jats:italic>P. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection warrants attention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/8820836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T13:33:01Z","timestamp":1765632781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Pentatrichomonas hominis<\/i>\n                    Infection Induces Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Immunocompetent Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengtao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0679-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3825-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02904-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2011.089326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055116918774959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3684-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","article-title":"Is 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