{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:40:39Z","timestamp":1792240839353,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":289,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"University of Pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    African buffalo (\n                    <jats:italic>Syncerus caffer<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are the primary wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Africa. Infected buffalo populations spread BTB to numerous species in conservation areas as well as to cattle at park boundaries. Quarantine requirements for BTB complicate wild animal metapopulation management. Considerable interest has arisen in the vaccination of cattle and indigenous wildlife species against BTB as an additional control strategy. This pilot trial aimed to evaluate cell\u2010mediated and humoral immune responses in African buffalo immunised against BTB. Twenty\u2010one sub\u2010adult African buffalo were divided into four treatment groups, and received either Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG; 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU) intra\u2010muscularly, a heat\u2010inactivated\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine intra\u2010muscularly (HIMB\u2010IM; 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs; followed by a boost after 4 months) or orally (HIMB\u2010O; 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u201310\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU), or 1\u2009mL phosphate\u2010buffered saline (PBS) intra\u2010muscularly (control group). 7 months after immunisation, all animals were intratracheally challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU). Monthly Bovigam interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u03b3) assays and\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010specific ELISAs were conducted and in addition, comparative intra\u2010dermal tuberculin testings (CITTs) were performed at study start and termination 5 months after experimental infection. Over the study period, each treatment group showed distinct cell\u2010mediated responses which differed in strength and temporal dynamics. In the post\u2010immunisation stage, HIMB\u2010IM animals produced a strong increase in bovine\u2013avian purified protein derivative (PPD) IFN\u03b3 release after booster immunisation while HIMB\u2010O and BCG groups showed relatively fewer numbers of positive responses. The experimental infection triggered significant elevations in bovine\u2013avian PPD IFN\u03b3 release in all treatment groups. All animals were converted to bovine reactors. Both HIMB groups showed stronger IFN\u03b3 responses compared to the BCG and control groups in the early post\u2010infection period, suggesting superior immune priming. Antibody responses showed marked individual variation, episodic interference from non\u2010tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species and low test sensitivity and specificity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/9279622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:41:57Z","timestamp":1792237317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Responsiveness Induced by Administration of Heat\u2010Inactivated\n                    <i>M. bovis<\/i>\n                    and BCG Prior to Experimental Infection in African Buffalo"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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P.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre: Veterinary Wildlife Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa  up.ac.za"},{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa  up.ac.za"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1030-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. J.","family":"Nupen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa  up.ac.za"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. 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