{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:55:32Z","timestamp":1791291332073,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Breast Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally, and early detection remains the cornerstone of reducing mortality. In low\u2010resource settings such as Somalia, limited access to mammography and diagnostic services makes breast self\u2010examination (BSE) an important awareness practice. This study aimed to assess the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model (HBM) on Somali female university students\u2019 knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to breast cancer and BSE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized controlled study was conducted among 86 female undergraduate students enrolled at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Mogadishu, Somalia, between September 2021 and June 2022. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943) or a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943) using the sealed opaque envelope method. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire including a sociodemographic form and the Champion\u2019s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). The intervention group attended a structured 90\u2010min HBM\u2010based breast health education session delivered by two public health lecturers, while the control group received no education during the study period. Three months after the intervention, posttest data were collected from both groups. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive and inferential tests, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05 (two\u2010tailed).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 20.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63\u2009years. Postintervention, the intervention group showed significant improvements in knowledge of breast cancer and BSE (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), perceived benefits (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02), health motivation, and self\u2010confidence in performing BSE (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The frequency and correct practice of BSE also increased significantly after 3\u2009months (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HBM\u2010based breast health education improved students\u2019 knowledge, awareness, and BSE practice. Although BSE is not a screening tool, it is an essential awareness method in settings with limited access to diagnostic services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbj\/8854280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1774537426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Breast Cancer and Breast Self\u2010Examination Health Education on Awareness, Beliefs, and Practices of Female Students at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a University in Somalia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eeyma Zehra","family":"Altunkurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3284-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyl\u00fcl","family":"Ye\u015filyurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Hassan Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","unstructured":"WHO Breast Cancer 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/breast-cancer."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","unstructured":"WHO Assessment of Breast Cancer Control Capacities in the WHO African Region in 2022 2025 https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/publications\/assessment-breast-cancer-control-capacities-who-african-region-2022-0?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102797"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09299-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","unstructured":"Global Cancer Observatory Cancer Today Somalia Statistics at a Glance 2022 2025 https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/media\/globocan\/factsheets\/populations\/706-somalia-fact-sheet.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","unstructured":"American Cancer Society Recommendations for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32859"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141321993866"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111426"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06122-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2012.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112494"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-02065-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines for the Early Detection and Screening of Breast Cancer 2006 https:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/dsaf\/dsa696.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"The Effect of Peer Education on University Students\u2019 Breast Self-Examination and Health Beliefs: Quasi-Experimental Study","volume":"6","author":"G\u00fcrkan K. 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