{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:07:01Z","timestamp":1784300821799,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":197,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Breast Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although increasing research has shown that extremely low\u2010frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF\u2010EMFs) specifically trigger PCD through the elevation of ROS levels in cancer cells, there is no adequate evidence to determine the exact mechanisms of this phenomenon. The antioxidant machinery may play a crucial role in this area; however, this has been neglected in previous research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of ELF\u2010EMF exposure (5\u2009days, 1\u2009Hz, 100\u2009mT, 2\u2009h\/day) on ROS levels, expression levels of antioxidant genes, and apoptosis induction in different breast cancer molecular subtypes with different p53 statuses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DCFH\u2010DA results revealed that the ROS level increased in all three cell lines (SKBR\u20103, MDA\u2010MB\u2010231, and MCF\u20107); this increase was much greater in SKBR\u20103 (up to 5\u2010fold compared to its sham exposure). This result was concurrent with the annexin V\/PI results; SKBR\u20103\u2009cells showed much more apoptosis induction (about 78%), compared with the others (22% or 11% in the other two cells). On the other hand, the mRNA expression level of SOD1 and SOD2 increased significantly in the MDA\u2010MB\u2010231, in addition to these two genes, the expression level of SOD3 and GSR increased in the MCF\u20107\u2009cells but not in the SKBR\u20103.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, our results confirmed that ELF\u2010EMF induced ROS\u2010dependent apoptosis, especially in HER\u20102\u2010enriched breast cancer cells (the SKBR\u20103), in a p53\u2010independent manner. Other molecular subtypes (MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 as TNBC, or MCF\u20107 as luminal A) showed resistance against the ROS level increasing and subsequent apoptosis induction by using antioxidant genes, especially SOD1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbj\/9572421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:37:24Z","timestamp":1784299044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pivotal Factors in Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes Apoptosis Induction by ELF\u2010EMF; Ki\u201067, ROS Level, HER\u20102, and SODs"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Shayeghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Shahriari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Afroughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Forouzesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0986-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hadi","family":"Niakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Javidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Hypericin Induces Apoptosis in MDA-MB-175-VII Cells in Lower Dose Compared to MDA-MB-231","volume":"21","author":"Abbasi Gamasaee N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2021.1891093"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102836"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08069-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14983-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715761003667554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1177271918755391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0384-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(02)00905-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","article-title":"Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: From TNBC to QNBC","volume":"6","author":"Hon J. D. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Cancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38021-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36496-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20220066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118874"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174454"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555775"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/383142"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2023.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-021-01574-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147955"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2015.1101648"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13122922"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000410001679802"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","article-title":"Pulsating Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Prevents Cell Death of Puromycin Treated U937 Cell Line","volume":"61","author":"Kaszuba-Zwoinska J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-159"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.687244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081251"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2263"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68473-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2005.24.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-007-0083-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22556"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2004.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","article-title":"Immunobiochemical and Molecular Biologic Characterization of the Cell Proliferation-Associated Nuclear Antigen That is Defined by Monoclonal Antibody Ki-67","volume":"138","author":"Gerdes J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/genesandcancer.4"}],"container-title":["The Breast Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbj\/9572421","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbj\/9572421","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbj\/9572421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:37:25Z","timestamp":1784299045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbj\/9572421"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbj\/9572421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbj\/9572421","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1075-122X","1524-4741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1075-122X","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9572421"}}