{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1781931033590,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":169,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biofilms are breeding grounds for adapted and acquired antibiotic resistance through increased efflux activities and horizontal gene transfer. Medicinal plants are sources of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this research, we examined antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and efflux pump inhibition activity of the methanolic extracts of the stem barks of\n                      <jats:italic>Milicia regia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Entandrophragma angolensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Crude methanolic extracts were assessed using three distinct assays: the high\u2010throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT\u2010SPOTi) assay for bacterial growth inhibition, a crystal violet\u2013based antibiofilm screening assay to quantify their biofilm\u2011inhibitory activity and the ethidium bromide accumulation assay for evaluating changes in bacterial cell membrane permeability against\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium aurum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening suggested the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, and saponins. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for extracts against\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>aureus, P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>aeruginosa, M<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>aurum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>smegmatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were 250, 125, 500, and 250\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL, respectively, and for\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>angolensis:<\/jats:italic>\n                      125, 125, 500, and 500\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL, respectively. Both plants displayed significant (\u2217\u2217\u2217\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.005) biofilm inhibition activities against all bacteria with the highest inhibition recorded in\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>regia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>angolensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and the reference drug ciprofloxacin were 73%, 62%, and 79%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The extracts produced marked antiefflux pump effects against\n                      <jats:italic>S.aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study established the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and efflux pump inhibitory capacities of\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>regia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>angolensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and provides the rationale for their folkloric uses in the treatment of infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/tswj\/2641156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:06:06Z","timestamp":1781928366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of\n                    <i>Milicia regia<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Entandrophragma angolensis<\/i>\n                    : Insight Into Their Antibiofilm and Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Korsah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0033-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Opoku","family":"Aboagyewaah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9401-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kakraba","family":"Geoffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3165-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Osei","family":"Boateng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5544-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Korsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7476-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Tagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3470-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theophilus","family":"Ninkyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4287-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Amaning","family":"Danquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1370818"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15070908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04880-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16111615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","first-page":"1946","volume-title":"Healthcare","author":"Salam M. 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