{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T07:23:16Z","timestamp":1787296996721,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":231,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gastrointestinal parasitosis represents a significant constraint on sheep productivity in Colombian tropical production systems; however, their regional epidemiological dynamics remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence, associations, coinfestations, and health\u2010related correlations of gastrointestinal parasites in grazing sheep from the Mountain, Piedmont, and Savanna ecoregions of the Department of Casanare, Colombia. A cross\u2010sectional observational study was conducted, including quantitative and qualitative coprological examinations, assessments of environmental and production\u2010related factors, and animal\u2010level clinical indicators (FAMACHA score and body condition score). Data were analyzed using bivariate analyses (chi\u2010square or Fisher\u2019s exact test) and nonparametric comparative tests (Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    or Kruskal\u2013Wallis test), as appropriate. The overall prevalence was high (78.3%), with higher values in the Mountain ecoregion (90%) compared with the Piedmont (76.7%) and the Savanna (76.1%). A statistically significant association (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) was identified between municipality, the water source, and parasitic prevalence. Parasitic burden differed significantly among ecoregions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). No correlation was observed between animal\u2010level clinical indicators and parasite burden (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;\u20090.065). The distribution of parasite load was aggregated, with a predominance of mild infestations and a small subset of animals harboring burdens exceeding 5000 eggs per gram. Frequent coinfestations among nematodes, protozoa, and cestodes were identified, involving low\u2010intensity associations. Despite the high prevalence, no clinically relevant health alterations were detected. Gastrointestinal parasitosis exhibited high prevalence, an aggregated distribution of parasite burden, and frequent low\u2010intensity coinfestations, with variation among ecoregions and no association with clinical indicators. These findings suggest a dynamic process modulated by environmental and management\u2010related factors, indicating host resilience and highlighting the need for targeted control strategies and longitudinal monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/1404541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:34:29Z","timestamp":1787294069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Grazing Sheep in Mountain, Piedmont, and Savanna Conditions of Casanare, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1973-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alfredo","family":"C\u00e1ceres-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0202-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Tarache-Carre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Caro-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-377X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria Estefan\u00eda","family":"Pastrana-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Ortiz-Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2819-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Edgar","family":"Tarazona-Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","volume-title":"Market Information: A Statistical and Analytical Report from the IWTO","author":"International Wool Textile Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2025.v15.i10.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Sheep in Three Agroecological Zones in West Shewa Zone, Oromia State, Central Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Terfa W.","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","volume-title":"Estimaciones Poblacionales Del Sector Pecuario\u2014Censo Ovino En Colombia","author":"Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario-ICA","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Identificaci\u00f3n De Pr\u00e1cticas Tradicionales Ganaderas Ovinas En La Regi\u00f3n De Boyac\u00e1 (Colombia): Hallazgos, Limitaciones Y Nuevos Paradigmas","volume":"9","author":"Vega P\u00e9rez C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Ciencia Animal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","first-page":"414","article-title":"Prevalence and Level of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection in Sheep of Hair in Grazing in Four Municipalities of Cordoba, Colombia","volume":"24","author":"Ensuncho-Hoyos C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista Cient\u00edfica Universidad Del Zulia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","first-page":"2224","article-title":"Coproparasitological Study in Grazing Sheep in Boyac\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"39","author":"D\u00edaz-Anaya A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista de Salud Animal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pesquisa De Par\u00e1sitos Gastrointestinales En Peque\u00f1as Explotaciones Ovinas Del Municipio De Toca, Colombia","volume":"36","author":"Pulido-Medell\u00edn M. 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