{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:04:12Z","timestamp":1784527452989,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":199,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination plays a critical role in improving animal health and productivity; however, its impact on milk yield and quality under field conditions remains insufficiently quantified in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the pre\u2010 and postvaccination effects on milk yield and quality among medium\u2010dairy farms and lactating cows in Mekelle, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An ambispective study design was employed, integrating retrospective data (June 2023\u2013May 2024) and prospective observations (October 2024\u2013May 2025). A total of 156 dairy farms were selected using stratified random sampling for the assessment of vaccination status and milk yield. Additionally, 56 lactating cows were selected for milk quality evaluation, with pre\u2010 and postvaccination comparisons. Milk composition analysis was conducted on a subset of 40 cows meeting strict inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using R software (version 4.3.3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Major Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaccination coverage reached 78.85% in 2023\/24 and 73.08% in 2024\/25, mainly against anthrax, blackleg, and lumpy skin disease. Most farmers (80.71%) observed a short\u2010term decline in milk yield postvaccination, while 68.29% reported no long\u2010term yield change. Prior vaccination was a significant predictor of higher yield postvaccination (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.93,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Laboratory results showed significant reductions in bacterial load (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0019) and significant increases in milk fat (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0218), protein (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0123), SNF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0056), lactose (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0023), and ash (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0088).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cattle vaccination improved milk quality while causing only temporary yield declines. Strengthening regular vaccination programs and farmer awareness could enhance milk safety, nutritional value, and farm profitability, supporting Ethiopia\u2019s broader food security and One Health goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/2417101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:48:48Z","timestamp":1784526528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre\u2010 and Postvaccination Effects on Milk Yield and Quality Among Dairy Farms and Lactating Cows in Mekelle, Ethiopia: An Ambispective Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadelech Yilma","family":"Sisay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastewal Addisu","family":"Kitambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kidist Derbew","family":"Gebru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mebrahtu Weldegebriel","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8726-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haftom Yirga","family":"Tsegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v26i2.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30654\/MJVS.10028","article-title":"Review on Dairy Cattle Production in Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Dekebo D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mathews Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33687\/008.03.3394"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Immunization\/Vaccinology","author":"Aslam M. 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B.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","volume-title":"Procedures for Collecting Milk Samples","author":"National Mastitis Council (NMC)","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","volume-title":"ISO 4833-1:2013, Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Microorganisms: Part 1: Colony Count at 30\u00b0C by the Pour Plate Technique","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","volume-title":"Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 3: Aerobic Plate Count\u2013May 2025 Edition","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1280264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","unstructured":"Ethiopian Standards Agency Unprocessed Whole\/Raw Cow Milk Specification (2Nd ES: 3460:2009). Addis Ababa Ethiopia 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","volume-title":"Lactoscan SP Ultrasonic Milk Analyzer: Operation Manual. Stara Zagora","author":"Milkotronic Ltd","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33785\/ijds.2021.v74i01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.687-692"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.557190"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v90i3.102534"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/2417101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/vmi\/2417101","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/2417101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:48:51Z","timestamp":1784526531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/vmi\/2417101"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sumanta","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/vmi\/2417101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/vmi\/2417101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8113","2042-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2417101"}}