{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:52:32Z","timestamp":1791370352408,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":279,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Raw vegetables in southern Thailand frequently carry\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. Epidemiological shifts (2008\u20132023) show an increase in\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. colonization alongside declining hookworm and\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, suggesting a potential association with climate variations. To evaluate moisture effects under controlled conditions, we compared nematode egg and first\u2010stage larval development using an agar plate culture (APC) control and a 1:20 water\u2010diluted stool suspension (SS) simulating wet environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stool samples positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. from 18 humans (12 co\u2010infected with hookworm or\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 25 dogs (10 co\u2010infected with hookworm) were cultured concurrently in APC and SS. Following a 6\u2010day incubation at room temperature, we quantified\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. developmental stages and third\u2010stage larvae (L3) of hookworm and\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In APC, all human (18\/18) and dog (25\/25) cases achieved complete\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. development, supporting significantly more developmental stages than SS. In SS, only 22.2% of human and 28.0% of dog cases exhibited partial development, confirming that water dilution impairs\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. growth. Conversely, hookworms reached the L3 stage in all human (8\/8) and dog (10\/10) cases across both methods without significant differences. For\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (7\/7 humans), both methods yielded L3, though APC provided higher yields.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our experimental findings demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. development is significantly more vulnerable to water dilution than hookworm or\n                      <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . While this impairment is hypothesized to stem from reduced bacterial abundance, this mechanism remains speculative and requires direct microbiological confirmation. These laboratory observations suggest that lower\u2010moisture environments may favor\n                      <jats:italic>Rhabditis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. developmental success over other nematodes, though broader ecological and epidemiological implications require further study given the limited sample size.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/3238555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1791368078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effect of Water\u2010Diluted Stool on the Growth and Development of\n                    <i>Rhabditis<\/i>\n                    sp.,\n                    <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>\n                    , and Hookworm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Attarat","family":"Pattanawongsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patthanasak","family":"Khammaneechan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"EC for PHR Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0739-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blego","family":"Sedionoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University  Samarinda East Kalimantan Indonesia  unmul.ac.id"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasit","family":"Na-ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science School of Medicine Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1509-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witthaya","family":"Anamnart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand  wu.ac.th"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(99)90132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282680"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012331"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761985000100002","article-title":"Rhabditis (Rhabditis) freitasi sp.n. Rhabditis (Rhabditis) costai sp.n. (Nematoda-Rhabditidae) Isolados de Otite Bovina [Rhabditis (Rhabditis) freitasi sp.n. and Rhabditis (Rhabditis) costai sp.n. (Nematoda-Rhabditidae) Isolated From Bovine Otitis]","volume":"80","author":"Martins J\u00fanior W.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00115-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01907"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000500016","article-title":"Um Caso de Parasitismo Por Rhabditis sp em Crian\u00e7a Natural de Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s, Brasil [A Case of Parasitism by Rhabditis sp in a Child From Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil]","volume":"35","author":"Campos D. M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"Contamination and Reducing of Parasite in Fresh Vegetables by Washing","volume":"56","author":"Satjapala T.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","first-page":"372","article-title":"A Survey on Parasitic Contamination in Fresh Vegetables and Fresh Fruits From 5 Regional Markets of Thailand","volume":"62","author":"Pednog K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Department of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10749"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283519"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1","article-title":"Human Hookworm Infection in the 21st Century","volume":"58","author":"Brooker S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","volume-title":"Wormbook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology","author":"Stiernagle T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0278"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/9294504"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","unstructured":"KabaluA. N. MartinezJ. G. andSumayaN. H. Assessing the Anhydrobiotic Potential of the Local Nematode Isolates Rhabditis rainaiandRhabditis blumiFrom Iligan City Philippines Using Comparative Exposure to Relative Humidity Proceedings of the Tropentag Conference September 18\u201320 2019 Kassel Germany."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/3238555","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/vmi\/3238555","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/3238555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:14:40Z","timestamp":1791368080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/vmi\/3238555"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lipi","family":"Buch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/vmi\/3238555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/vmi\/3238555","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8113","2042-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3238555"}}