{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T06:23:40Z","timestamp":1787293420161,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":231,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study examined the prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    associated with the bovine clinical mastitis in the northern part of Bangladesh. A total of 120 milk samples from infected cows in Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, and Nilphamari were collected. General bacteriological and biochemical tests were conducted to isolate and identify the bacteria. In addition, PCR assays were performed to molecularly detect and identify virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. Bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular methods confirmed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which constituted a total prevalence of 35.0%. Phylogenetic typing revealed two types, A1 (81.0%), and B2 (19.0%) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001), suggesting that commensal strains predominating the total\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    population. Virulence gene (\n                    <jats:italic>eae, stx1,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) screening was negative, indicating a lack of classical enteropathogenic\/enterohemorrhagic characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the level of antibiotic resistance was high, especially to ampicillin (100.0%), amoxicillin (92.86%), tetracycline (73.81%), erythromycin (61.91%), streptomycin (59.53%), and gentamicin (52.38%). The isolates were mostly sensitive to ceftriaxone (85.71%) and moderately sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. The most abundant resistance gene was\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    A (85.71%), followed by sul2 (59.52%),\n                    <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (57.14%),\n                    <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (50.0%),\n                    <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    (23.80%), and\n                    <jats:italic>blaCTX-M<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19.04%) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001), which are strongly connected to the phenotypic resistance pattern. In general, the results indicate that highly resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    are prevalent in the case of bovine mastitis, which highlights the necessity to use antibiotics reasonably, conduct more frequent monitoring, and use biosecurity to limit the spread of resistant pathogens in the dairy industry, as well as the environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/3499907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:27:13Z","timestamp":1787290033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Insights Into the Phylogenetic Diversity, Virulence Determinants, and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    From Milk of Mastitis\u2010Affected Cows"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mominul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Sadequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahfuzul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M. Harun ur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirza Mienur","family":"Meher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahagir","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2002.0724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0730"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","article-title":"Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"12","author":"Davies J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.670470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ejmid.20241024053102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-026-11214-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082255"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/vrn.2025.e55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bvet.v41i1.78673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2584-2589.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2009-2015.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","article-title":"Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli From Healthy Cattle in a Semi-Urban Community in Calcutta, India","volume":"110","author":"Amit P.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01821-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.71-76.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2407-2413.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01054-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09948-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.517-520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2023.j648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2713-2727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1333-1339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147954"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3739-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00142-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1101"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/3499907","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/vmi\/3499907","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/3499907","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T05:27:15Z","timestamp":1787290035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/vmi\/3499907"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lipi","family":"Buch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/vmi\/3499907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/vmi\/3499907","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8113","2042-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3499907"}}