{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:09:35Z","timestamp":1778753375981,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":133,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Serum sialic acid (SSA) levels, including total sialic acid (TSA), lipid\u2010bound sialic acid (LBSA), and protein\u2010bound sialic acid (PBSA), have been extensively studied as biomarkers of inflammation and infection across various species and diseases. In parasitemic sheep, elevated SSA levels likely reflect host\u2013pathogen interactions and immune activation. Contrasting findings in bovine theileriosis demonstrated increased sialic acid (SA) levels during acute infections but decreased levels in severe parasitemia, suggesting variable responses based on parasitemia rates. SSA and LBSA levels in dogs significantly increase in babesiosis and dirofilariasis, indicating tissue damage and oxidative stress. Babesiosis, a tick\u2010borne infection, shows SA elevations associated with inflammation and red blood cell destruction. Dirofilariasis, a heartworm disease, shows elevated SSA and LBSA levels, highlighting the importance of acute\u2010phase proteins in disease severity. In avian species, diseases like Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, and bacterial challenges caused significant increases in SSA, LBSA, and PBSA levels, with LBSA showing the most pronounced changes, indicating its high sensitivity to inflammatory processes. Japanese quail with omphalitis also demonstrated elevated LBSA, highlighting its diagnostic potential in avian inflammation. Cattle with conditions such as traumatic reticuloperitonitis, acute metritis, pneumonia, and babesiosis exhibited markedly elevated SA and APP levels, consistent with findings in mastitis, colisepticemia, and leptospirosis, where APP levels correlated with disease severity. Tissue damage associated with increased SA is closely linked to inflammation and infection. These changes may also influence receptor\u2013ligand interactions during infection, supporting SA as a useful biomarker for disease monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/4769993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:12:42Z","timestamp":1778749962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Sialic Acid as a Biomarker of Inflammation and Infection: Insights From Veterinary Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4286-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Yaghoobpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1058-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Faraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Nazifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0074-7696(08)62127-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-9084(01)01303-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"A New Enzymatic Method for the Determination of Sialic Acid in Serum and Its Application for a Marker of Acute Phase Reactants","volume":"27","author":"Taniuchi K.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2226-9_9","volume-title":"Biological Roles of Sialic Acid","author":"Rosenberg A.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329303000406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.55.2007.3.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","volume-title":"Significance of Ferritin, Lipid Associated Sialic Acid (LSA), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCC) and CYFRA 21-1 as Tumor Markers in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck","author":"Lacin M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","first-page":"9011","article-title":"Effects of Ellagic Acid on Levels of Sialic Acids and Cardiac Markers in Rats With Myocardial Infarction","volume":"30","author":"Taskin E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fresenius Environmental Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Kan Parazitli Hayvanlarda Sialik Asit ve Lipidbagli Sialik Asit d\u00b8 Zeyle-Rinin Arastirilmasi","volume":"11","author":"Ertekin A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u0131l \u00fcniversitesi veteriner fak\u00fcltesi dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.24.11825-11831.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240689"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwy061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwz026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201500463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.27700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1338420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr000407m"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816126-5.00001-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Essentials of Glycobiology","author":"Varki A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002202991800081X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.027169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.95.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","article-title":"Recent Advances of Biocompatible Optical Nanobiosensors in Liquid Biopsy: towards Early Non-invasive Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Ya N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale. 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