{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:13:11Z","timestamp":1792789991271,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":152,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) impair livestock productivity and impose economic burdens on farmers. Buffaloes are central to Nepal\u2019s dairy sector, yet comparative data on GIP burden across farming systems remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates GIP prevalence and associated risk factors in buffaloes under commercial and subsistence farming systems in Butwal submetropolitan city, Nepal, an area of rapidly expanding dairy production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From July to September 2023, 224 fecal samples (112 per farming system) were collected from female buffaloes aged \u2265\u20093\u2009years. Samples were examined microscopically using flotation and sedimentation techniques, and management and environmental factors were captured through structured questionnaires and field observations. Logistic regression identified predictors of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 58.9% of samples contained oocysts or eggs of one or more GIP. The identified parasites included three protozoa (\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Balantidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and coccidian), three nematodes (\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.), and three trematodes (\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Paramphistomum<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.).\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (30.8%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (26.3%) were most prevalent. Commercial farms had significantly higher nematode infections (10.7% vs. 2.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.029), while subsistence farms showed slightly higher protozoan infections (33.9% vs. 25.9%). Free\u2010ranging rearing (aOR\u2009=\u20093.11, 95% CI: 1.15\u20138.43) and irregular health checkups (aOR\u2009=\u20092.92, 95% CI: 1.05\u20138.12) were strongly associated with infections. The presence of other free\u2010range animals and wallowing also influenced infection patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The substantial GIP burden and system\u2010specific risk factors highlight the need for improved parasite management. Enhanced deworming, better grazing practices, and farmer education may help reduce infections and improve buffalo productivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/4985465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:40:06Z","timestamp":1780468806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Buffaloes Across Commercial and Subsistence Farming Systems in Butwal, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7894-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arti","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9255-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shristi","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0676-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tikaram","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kishor","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajendra Prasad","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2077\/78)","volume":"73","author":"Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development","year":"2021","journal-title":"Government of Nepal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","unstructured":"National Agriculture and Food Security (NAFS) Nepal Agriculture and Food Security Country Investment Plan 2010 Kathmandu: Government of Nepal https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/nep148989.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47665\/TB.38.3.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Buffalo Calves of Punjab State","volume":"26","author":"Singh N. 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