{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:07:10Z","timestamp":1784038030244,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023918","name":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The greater cane rat (\n                    <jats:italic>Thryonomys swinderianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is widely distributed in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, including western, central, eastern and southern Africa. It is the African\u2019s second\u2010largest rodent. This study was done to describe and establish the normal reference values for radiographic anatomy of the thorax and abdomen in greater cane rats for biomedical and related research, teaching comparative veterinary anatomy and clinical uses. Radiography of the thorax and abdomen was performed under general anaesthesia in ten (10) wild adult greater cane rats. Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) radiographic projections of the thorax were taken. For the abdomen, RL and VD projections were obtained. All greater cane rats had 13 thoracic vertebrae with corresponding pairs of ribs. The number of lumbar vertebrae was mainly six. The sternum consisted of manubrium sterni, xiphoid process and four sternebrae. The anticlinal vertebra was mainly the 11th thoracic vertebra, and the sacrum consisted of four fused sacral vertebrae. Reference ranges for thoracic and abdominal organs\/structures were established, such as the tracheal diameter (6.8\u2009mm), angle between the mainstem bronchi (DV: 47.8\u00b0; VD: 46.4\u00b0), and gastric axis angle (77.6\u00b0). Further, ratios like the vertebral heart size (VHS) (RL: 9.70, LL: 9.83, DV: 10.46 and VD: 10.45), caudal vena cava diameter to length of thoracic vertebra above the carina (0.86), tracheal diameter to thoracic inlet diameter (0.32), and cardiothoracic (DV: 0.63, VD: 0.64) were calculated. Measurements of sternebrae, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are provided. Differences and similarities with other rodents have been highlighted. Information from this research will serve as a reference for routine veterinary clinical procedures and biomedical studies and for teaching veterinary comparative anatomy and diagnostic imaging. Additionally, the use of ratios of absolute measurements of thoracic and abdominal organs\/structures to relevant skeletal structures is recommended to overcome intraspecies variability in body size.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/5558928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:25:08Z","timestamp":1784035508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thoracic and Abdominal Radiologic Anatomy of the Greater Cane Rat (\n                    <i>Thryonomys swinderianus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5419-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazengo","family":"Masigati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirende","family":"Kichuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2091-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modesta","family":"Makungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2004.00136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1041103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19400829231220287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bushmeat Marketing in Nigeria: A Case Study of Benin City and It\u2019s Environs","volume":"2","author":"Kalu C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agricultural and Food Sciences, Business, Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12441"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","unstructured":"KilwanilaS. I. Population Genetics of Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) Across Its Range Areas in Africa 2023 University of Agriculture A thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) of Sokoine."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjas.v2i2.49701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005284817764"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/nvj.v39i3.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1001-1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/macvetrev-2020-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine","author":"Saunders R.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14456\/tjvm.2022.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology","author":"Thrall E. D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2021.100382"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0046.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0167R2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","volume-title":"Atlas of Normal Radiographic Anatomy and Anatomic Variants in the Dog and Cat","author":"Thrall D. E.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.70023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2013000300023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0038R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0241.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12715"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1981.tb00573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1982.tb02062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.8.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/vsd.2011.3414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eas.2023.100022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.161.12.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2024.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51607\/22331360.2024.73.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05149-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.2024-0100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-44450-7.00009-6","volume-title":"Exotic Animal Formulary","author":"Mayer J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.22233\/9781905319718.2","volume-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Abdominal Imaging","author":"McConnell J. F.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.139.5.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.02.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50027-8","article-title":"Vertebral Scale System to Measure Heart Size in Radiographs","volume":"30","author":"Buchanan J. W.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.11.1439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22233\/9781905319718.9","volume-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Abdominal Imaging","author":"Seiler G.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Macro-Anatomical Investigations on the Skeletons of Mole-Rat (Spalax Leucodon Nordmann) III. Skeleton Axiale","volume":"77","author":"\u00d6zkan Z. E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1005513","article-title":"Anatomy of the Rat","volume":"27","author":"Greene E. C.","year":"1935","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Philosophical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4436.bjvras.2020.172323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030589"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/973537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_2","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Anatomical Studies on the Spinal Cord of the Greater Cane Rat. I: Gross Morphometry","volume":"36","author":"Mustapha O. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2008.01492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56808\/2985-1130.3240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.905135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2020.108629.2580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29244\/avl.1.2.19-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/rjf.2010.119.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Small Animal Radiology and Ultrasound","author":"Dennis R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740.8261.1997.tb00822x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.22233\/9781910443088.10","volume-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Thoracic Imaging","author":"Hayward N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1996.tb00054.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/5558928","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/vmi\/5558928","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/vmi\/5558928","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:25:12Z","timestamp":1784035512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/vmi\/5558928"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sumanta","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/vmi\/5558928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/vmi\/5558928","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8113","2042-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5558928"}}