{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T18:00:26Z","timestamp":1785348026734,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proliferation of unregistered, substandard, and falsified (SF) veterinary pharmaceuticals represents a critical global threat to animal health, food security, and environmental conservation. In sub\u2010Saharan Africa, these products exacerbate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), potentially accelerating the transition toward a \u201cpost\u2010antibiotic\u201d era. Despite Ethiopia\u2019s relatively developed regulatory framework compared to neighboring states, vulnerabilities such as inadequate diagnostic facilities, porous supply chains, and limited postmarketing surveillance results in enforcement persist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence and quality profile of selected veterinary antimicrobials, including antibacterials, anthelmintics, and antiprotozoals, circulating in the Ethiopian market.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postmarket quality surveillance (PMS) study was conducted across five administrative regions. A total of 142 samples were collected and evaluated through three distinct regulatory tiers: verification of Ethiopian Agricultural Authority (EAA) registration status, standardized visual\/physical screening, and official pharmacopeial (compendial) laboratory testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The majority of sampled products (95.7%) were imported, predominantly from China (75.7%) and India (15.0%). Primary sampling sites included veterinary retail outlets (50.7%) and clinics (22.9%). Regulatory analysis revealed that 17.9% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925) of samples were unregistered. Visual screening identified an administrative substandard prevalence of 24.3% among registered products. Of the 44 samples subjected to compendial laboratory analysis, 22.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) failed to meet established pharmacopeial specifications. While suspected falsified products were identified through labeling discrepancies, laboratory confirmation of falsification is ongoing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unregistered and substandard veterinary medicines are circulating in the Ethiopian supply chain, posing severe risks to animal health and contributing to the regional AMR crisis. These findings necessitate urgent, concerted efforts from stakeholders to strengthen the national regulatory system, enhance EAA laboratory capacity, and secure the pharmaceutical supply chain through targeted postmarketing enforcement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/6524636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:27:32Z","timestamp":1785346052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Unregistered, Substandard, and Falsified Veterinary Antimicrobials in Ethiopia: A National Postmarket Quality Surveillance Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Belachew","family":"Tefera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belachew","family":"Bacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1794-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardos","family":"Tefera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudeta","family":"Uma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadese","family":"Setegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bizuayehu","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diriba","family":"Daba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinsefa","family":"Jemal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilak","family":"Tefera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussen","family":"Bedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamiru","family":"Tilki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagnachew","family":"Hailemichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1641-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Jemal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-9982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfa","family":"Marew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawit","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8500-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teferi","family":"Gedif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7329-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esayas","family":"Gelaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9411-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tenaw","family":"Andualem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayenew","family":"Ashenef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Assessment of the Use of Unregistered Veterinary Drugs in Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Adeleke O.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17140\/VMOJ-7-185"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0332"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.bio.20150306.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","first-page":"5858","article-title":"Qualit\u00e9 des Antibiotiques V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Utilis\u00e9s en Afrique de L\u2019Ouest et M\u00e9thodes de D\u00e9tection de Leurs R\u00e9sidus dans les Denr\u00e9es Alimentaires","volume":"36","author":"Dognon S. 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