{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:43:30Z","timestamp":1791575010787,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":134,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013221","name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-18-18-57-006010331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-18-18-57-006010331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99030922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99030922"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Brucellosis remains a significant zoonotic disease in Iran, affecting both public health and livestock productivity despite decades of control efforts. This study presents findings from a four\u2010year nationwide active surveillance program (2021\u20132024) targeting industrial dairy cattle herds vaccinated with the\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    RB51 vaccine. The program encompassed 33,994 herds and over 6.2 million blood samples across 32 provinces, representing one of the most comprehensive surveillance initiatives conducted in the country. Serological screening was performed using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), followed by Wright and 2\u2010ME agglutination tests for confirmation. Lymph node cultures were obtained from 1261 seropositive animals and subjected to classical biotyping and AMOS\u2010PCR for molecular identification. At the national level, both farm\u2010 and animal\u2010level prevalence declined over the study period, highlighting progress in disease management. Farm prevalence peaked in 2022 at 9.7% before decreasing to 6.7% in 2024, while animal prevalence dropped steadily from 0.36% in 2021 to 0.11% in 2024. Similarly, suspected cases declined from 5.8% to 4.2% at the farm level and from 0.16% to 0.07% at the animal level. Provinces such as Isfahan, Tehran, Fars, Yazd, and Qom consistently reported the highest infection burdens, while several regions, including Hormozgan, Mazandaran, Gilan, and Sistan and Baluchestan, showed minimal or no positive detections. Bacteriological culture confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in 216 animals (17.1%), leading to the isolation of six strains:\n                    <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovars 1 and 3,\n                    <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovars 1\u20133, and the vaccine strain RB51. The predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovar 1, particularly in provinces such as Qom and Alborz, underscores the possible risk of cross\u2010species transmission from small ruminants to cattle. Detection of RB51 in several isolates raises concerns regarding vaccine persistence and its limited protective efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study demonstrates the persistence of multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    biovars and the circulation of vaccine\u2010derived strains in vaccinated animals and highlights the need for refined vaccination strategies, stricter biosecurity, and integrated control programs across livestock sectors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/7432813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T06:21:21Z","timestamp":1778912481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological Trends and Strain Distribution of Bovine Brucellosis in Vaccinated Industrial Dairy Cattle (2021\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4302-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Alamian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Amiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Bahreinipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Dadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00248-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002575"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2295398"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.ibj.21.6.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","volume-title":"Brucellosis in Humans and Animals","author":"Corbel M. 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