{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:48:27Z","timestamp":1782474507656,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":176,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Good livestock husbandry practices associated with disease preventive measures contribute to improved production of quality and safe livestock products. Poor livestock management, climatic conditions, and diseases are among the catalysts to inappropriate use of veterinary drugs, particularly antimicrobials, which have significant public health risk. The purpose of this cross\u2010sectional study was to evaluate cattle management systems, livestock diseases and preventive measures, and the use of antimicrobials among smallholder dairy cattle farmers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200982) and other stakeholders (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099). Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 25.0. Almost 55% of farmers managed their cattle under an intensive\/semi\u2010intensive production system and practiced disease control measures by good husbandry practices (63%), vaccination (62%), and applied acaricides (49%). Nine cattle diseases were reported, dominated by vector\u2010borne diseases, particularly trypanosomiasis (59%) and tick\u2010borne diseases (49%). All farmers admitted using antimicrobials that were self\u2010administered (73.2%), and awareness of withdrawal periods was low (45.1%). Significant predictors of antimicrobial use (AMU) included sex of the farmer, production system, and access to training (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). AMU was significantly higher among female farmers (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20099.71) and those with access to training (OR\u2009=\u20098.66). Conversely, farmers utilizing extensive grazing systems had 92.1% lower odds of AMU compared to those under intensive\/semi\u2010intensive systems (OR\u2009=\u20090.08). Antimicrobial misuse in Korogwe District is driven by socio\u2010demographic factors, production systems, and limited access to training, with low awareness of withdrawal periods increasing the risk of drug residues in milk. Strengthened extension services, improved disease prevention practices, and stricter compliance with withdrawal periods are essential to reduce these risks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/8596479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1782472949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Dairy Cattle Management System and Uses of Antimicrobials Among Smallholder Farmers in Korogwe District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Goodluck Cleophas","family":"Mushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina Ramadhani","family":"Issae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7204-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hezron Emmanuel","family":"Nonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","volume-title":"Ministry of Livestock Development","author":"Livestock Policy","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","volume-title":"Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (2017\/18 \u2013 2021\/22)","author":"Tlmp","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","volume-title":"Tanzania Census of Agriculture 2023\/24: Preliminary Report on Livestock Populations and Production Systems","author":"National Bureau of Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100993"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Production and Reproductive Conditions in Crossbred Dairy Cows Attended at Sokoine University of Agriculture Animal Hospital, Tanzania","volume":"29","author":"Muhairwa A. P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335862"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","article-title":"United Republic of Tanzania","author":"Urt","year":"2025","journal-title":"National Strategy for Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","volume-title":"Effectiveness of Construction and Rehabilitation of Dips and Acaricide Subsidy Programme on Tick Borne Diseases Control in Tanzania","author":"Mbassa G. K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","volume-title":"Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. Annual Sector Performance Report on Dipping Campaigns and Acaricide Subsidies","author":"Mlf","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","volume-title":"National Livestock Vaccination Integrated Programme 2025\u20132029","author":"Nlvip","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","volume-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines and Advisory on Drug Use in Ruminants","author":"Stgad","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","article-title":"Awareness of Human Health Risks Associated with the Use of Antimicrobial Among Livestock Keepers and Factors that Contribute to Selection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Within Livestock in Tanzania","volume":"24","author":"Katakweba A. A. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consumption Trends of Antibiotics for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: a Longitudinal Retrospective Survey from 2010-2017","volume":"2","author":"Sangeda R. 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