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Brucellosis is a globally significant zoonotic infection caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. bacteria, yet the frequency and extent of AMR in\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations from humans are poorly characterised. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis investigated AMR in populations of\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species responsible for the vast majority of brucellosis in humans (\n                    <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The search and inclusion criteria identified studies which used testing methods of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC:\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test, broth and agar dilution), with the main (doxycycline, streptomycin and rifampicin) and alternative (trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin) antibiotics utilised in the treatment of human brucellosis. Out of 704 studies identified via SCOPUS, 2 were non\u2010English, 401 were irrelevant, 230 were lacking key inclusion criteria and 20 had incomplete details and were excluded, leaving 51 for review; however, for\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tests and meta\u2010analysis, the absence of MIC\n                    <jats:sub>min\/max<\/jats:sub>\n                    data left 49 studies. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation systems were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Two of the antibiotics considered (trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin) exhibited significant resistance. This resistance was reflected in 1\u2010sample\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tests, of which 39\/228 (17.1%) produced an outcome of \u2018non\u2010susceptible\u2019 or \u2018not proven to be susceptible\u2019, and these predominantly belonged to trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (15\/34; 44.11%) and rifampicin (21\/49; 42.85%). The type of meta\u2010analysis was generic inverse variance weighted average. For rifampicin and trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole, sensitivity analysis produced a MIC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 1.00\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (95% CI: 0.98, 1.01) and 0.50\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (95% CI: 0.49, 0.51), respectively. For rifampicin and trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole, AMR was linked to the years before 2010, non\u2010Asian continents and\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species when tested in mixed isolates. Therefore, more careful stewardship in the use of rifampicin and trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole antibiotics is necessary to prevent the development of AMR in\n                    <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/vmi\/8689240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T06:44:52Z","timestamp":1770792292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<i>Brucella<\/i>\n                    \u2019s Emerging Threat: A Global Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis Revealing Temporal, Geographic and Species\u2010Specific Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1875-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gurkan","family":"Tut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","volume-title":"Brucellosis in Humans and Animals","author":"Corbel M. 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