{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:50:48Z","timestamp":1770961848476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Depression Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. Cognitive dysfunction as a core feature in the course of bipolar affective disorder (BPD) is a current subject of debate and represents an important source of psychosocial and functional burden.<jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>. To stand out the connection and clinical implications between cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and BPD.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. A nonsystematic review of all English language PubMed articles published between 1995 and 2011 using the terms \u201cbipolar disorder,\u201d \u201ccognitive dysfunction,\u201d and \u201cdementia\u201d.<jats:italic>Discussion<\/jats:italic>. As a manifestation of an affective trait or stage, both in the acute phases and in remission, the domains affected include attention, executive function, and verbal memory. The likely evolution or overlap with the behavioural symptoms of an organic dementia allows it to be considered as a dementia specific to BPD. This is named by some authors, as BPD type VI, but others consider it a form of frontotemporal dementia. It is still not known if this process is neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative in nature, or both simultaneously. The assessment should consider the iatrogenic effects of medication, the affective symptoms, and a neurocognitive evaluation.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. More specific neuropsychological tests and functional imaging studies are needed and will assume an important role in the near future for diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/275957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T07:13:37Z","timestamp":1338275617000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Bipolar Disorder: Clinical Perspectives and Implications with Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o (HSJ), EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o (HSJ), EPE, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610205002036"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00004-6"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.736"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00498.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00430.x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01590.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00665.x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.12.232"},{"issue":"3","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.12.234","volume":"109","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.07.005"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00716.x"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001570"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00091-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002664","volume":"30","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00111.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.262"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01055.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00277.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00492.x"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00830.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1980"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00122.x"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000090891"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00854.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00643.x"},{"key":"26","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Cognition across the life span: clinical implications for older adults with bipolar disorder","year":"2008"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0209","volume":"69","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(03)00071-2","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2010.01638.x"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.03.077"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00888.x"},{"key":"33","first-page":"s120","volume":"41","year":"2001","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.06.014"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031773"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.10.018"},{"issue":"5","key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0504","volume":"69","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"38","first-page":"S36","volume":"193","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.03.007"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708009498"},{"key":"42","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Psychosocial consequences","year":"2009"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.10.005"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000083170"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09010118"},{"key":"46","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medscape Family Medicine\/Primary Care"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.08.018"},{"issue":"9","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900013924","volume":"13","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.11.1331"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610202008517"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00180-4"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074080"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2010.00348.x"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.057034"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06382oli"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318196b907"},{"issue":"7","key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0710","volume":"69","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00384.x"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00288.x"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.184"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04997yel"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1619"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00280.x"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.04.005"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030206.x"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.03.005"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024684225114"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00893.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00938.x","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bipolar Disorders"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2001.030302.x"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101004274.x"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00741.x"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.12.042"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.064"},{"issue":"2","key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7006(04)95430-9","volume":"30","year":"2004","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.12.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"77","first-page":"77","volume":"7","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"78","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Adverse cognitive effects of psychotropic medications","year":"2008"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2008.00628.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.9.1177","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.29201.x"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000204332.64390.f3"},{"issue":"5","key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152877.08088.87","volume":"64","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.056"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.002"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1064-1297.11.1.56"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(94)00068-C"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2003.12.002"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.426"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010042"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010043"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010089"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.36"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.719"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52221.x"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1311-8"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522070-00007"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(01)80042-4"},{"issue":"13","key":"99","first-page":"12","volume":"61","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005407"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.613"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.08.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNF.0000240940.67241.F6","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.07.027"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200609000-00010"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00311.x"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31820fce90"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.200"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06081358"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.037"},{"issue":"3","key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000300020","volume":"28","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300471"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.1.58"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000236655.62920.dc"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300457"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721120-00002"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00873-2"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x"}],"container-title":["Depression Research and Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/drt\/2012\/275957.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/drt\/2012\/275957.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/drt\/2012\/275957.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T19:23:19Z","timestamp":1497986599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/drt\/2012\/275957\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["275957","275957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/275957","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-1321","2090-133X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-1321","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-133X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}