{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1766557591891,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aims<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate the association of different apelin levels with cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization, renal function, and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients with mild to moderate CKD.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. An observational, prospective study involving 150 patients divided into groups according to baseline apelin levels:<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>98<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009pg\/mL, 2 = 98\u2013328\u2009pg\/mL, and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u2265<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>329<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009pg\/mL. Baseline characteristics were analyzed and compared. Multivariate Cox regression was used to find out predictors of cardiovascular mortality, and multivariate logistic regression was used to find out predictors of hospitalization and disease progression. Simple linear regressions and Pearson correlations were used to investigate correlations between apelin and renal disease and cardiovascular risk factors.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Patients\u2019 survival at 83 months in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 39%, 40%, and 71.2%, respectively (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.046<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Apelin, age, and eGFR were independent predictors of mortality, and apelin, creatinine, eGFR, resistin, and visfatin were independent predictors of hospitalization. Apelin levels were negatively correlated with cardiovascular risk factors and positively correlated with eGFR. Patients with lower apelin levels were more likely to start a depurative technique.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Apelin levels might have a significant clinical use as a marker\/predictor of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization or even as a therapeutic agent for CKD patients with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/247649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T17:43:57Z","timestamp":1378748637000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["What Is the Role of Apelin regarding Cardiovascular Risk and Progression of Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8218-8286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Faro, Rua Le\u00e3o Penedo, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Faro, Rua Le\u00e3o Penedo, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Clinic, Hospital Faro, 8000-836 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science of the Sea Department, University of Algarve, 8000-140 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Faro, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Guilherme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Faro, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9lio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Clinic, Hospital Faro, 8000-836 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Rato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Clinic, Hospital Faro, 8000-836 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Faro, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Cavaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Faro, Rua Le\u00e3o Penedo, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Faro, Rua Le\u00e3o Penedo, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marilia","family":"Fa\u00edsca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Gnostic Laboratory, 8000-307 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ata\u00edde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, Hospital Faro, Rua Le\u00e3o Penedo, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Il\u00eddio","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital Faro, 8000-386 Faro, 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