{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T17:27:45Z","timestamp":1750181265293,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PPAR Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are two major public health problems that have motivated the scientific community to investigate the high contribution of genetic factors to these disorders. The peroxisome proliferator activated by gamma 2 (PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>2) plays an important role in the lipid metabolism. Since PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>2 is expressed mainly in adipose tissue, a moderate reduction of its activity influences the sensitivity to insulin, diabetes, and other metabolic parameters. The present study aims to contribute to the elucidation of the impact of the Pro<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>Ala polymorphism associated with T2D and obesity through a meta-analysis study of the literature that included approximately 11500 individuals, from which 3870 were obese and 7625 were diabetic. Statistical evidence supports protective effect in T2D of polymorphism Pro<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>Ala of PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>2 (OR\u2009=\u20090.702 with 95% CI: 0.622; 0.791,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Conversely the same polymorphism Pro<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>Ala of PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>2 seems to favor obesity since 1.196 more chance than nonobese was found (OR\u2009=\u20091.196 with 95% CI: 1.009; 1.417,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.004<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Our results suggest that Pro<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>Ala polymorphism enhances both adipogenic and antidiabetogenic physiological role of PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>. Does Pro<jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>Ala polymorphism represent an evolutionary step towards the stabilization of the molecular function of PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>transcription factor signaling pathway?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/401274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,31]],"date-time":"2013-07-31T17:01:11Z","timestamp":1375290071000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does Pro<sup>12<\/sup>Ala Polymorphism Enhance the Physiological Role of PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"bold-italic\">\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>2?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (CISA) and Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Chemical Biopathology (U38-FCT), Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biomathematics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, ESTSP-IPP, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (CISA) and Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Portugal"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (CISA) and Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Chemical Biopathology (U38-FCT), Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.5.1801"},{"issue":"6","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90199-X","volume":"83","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/849538"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.03.007"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2005.05.004"},{"key":"6","first-page":"141","volume":"89","year":"2000","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/126917"},{"issue":"10","key":"8","first-page":"3708","volume":"84","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801191","volume":"24","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.3.867","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328042ba90"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0044-z"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s125-002-8257-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.876","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2004.06.030"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414782a"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-6-11"},{"issue":"4","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1470495","volume":"147","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/874126"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.019"},{"issue":"8","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2581","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164109347689"},{"issue":"2","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70177-5","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes and Metabolism"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(03)00164-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"25","first-page":"153","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Biologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.891","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["PPAR Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ppar\/2013\/401274.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ppar\/2013\/401274.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ppar\/2013\/401274.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T13:10:54Z","timestamp":1498050654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ppar\/2013\/401274\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["401274","401274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/401274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-4757","1687-4765"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-4757"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-4765"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}