{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:40:54Z","timestamp":1773859254336,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PEst","award":["OE\/SAU\/UI0177\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OE\/SAU\/UI0177\/2011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic>L. (Lamiaceae) is a Mediterranean species, naturalized in many countries. In Jordan, it is used in traditional medicine as antiseptic, antiscabies, antisyphilitic, and anti-inflammatory, being frequently used against skin diseases. This study aimed the assessment of the antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of its essential oils, and their cytotoxicity on macrophages and keratinocytes. The oils were investigated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the antifungal activity was evaluated against yeasts, dermatophyte and<jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>strains. Assessment of cell viability was made by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages. The main compounds of<jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic>oils were 1,8-cineole (39.5\u201350.3%) and camphor (8.8\u201325.0%). The oils revealed antifungal activity against dermatophyte strains and significantly inhibited NO production stimulated by LPS in macrophages, without affecting cell viability, in concentrations up to 0.64\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L\/mL. This is the first report addressing the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>anti-inflammatory potential of<jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic>oil. These findings demonstrated that bioactive concentrations of<jats:italic>S. officinalis<\/jats:italic>oils do not affect mammalian macrophages and keratinocytes viability making them suitable to be incorporated in skin care formulations for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/538940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T10:16:09Z","timestamp":1382609769000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Essential Oil of Common Sage (<i>Salvia officinalis<\/i>L.) from Jordan: Assessment of Safety in Mammalian Cells and Its Antifungal and Anti-Inflammatory Potential"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"M. S.","family":"Abu-Darwish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shouback University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shouback 71911, Jordan"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmaceutical Studies\/Faculty of Pharmacy, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"I. V.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Neuroci\u00eancias e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmaceutical Studies\/Faculty of Pharmacy, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmaceutical Studies\/Faculty of Pharmacy, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Neuroci\u00eancias e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Al-bdour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Shouback University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Shouback 71911, Jordan"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmaceutical Studies\/Faculty of Pharmacy, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade de Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.12067125","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Essential Oil 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