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In the environment, hydroquinone showed increased toxicity for aquatic organisms, being less harmful for bacteria and fungi. Recent pieces of evidence showed that hydroquinone is able to enhance carcinogenic risk by generating DNA damage and also to compromise the general immune responses which may contribute to the impaired triggering of the host immune reaction. Hydroquinone bioremediation from natural and contaminated sources can be achieved by the use of a diverse group of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to fungi, which harbor very complex enzymatic systems able to metabolize hydroquinone either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the recent research development on hydroquinone, this review underscores not only the mechanisms of hydroquinone biotransformation and the role of microorganisms and their enzymes in this process, but also its toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/542168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,15]],"date-time":"2013-07-15T21:02:17Z","timestamp":1373922137000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Hydroquinone: Environmental Pollution, Toxicity, and Microbial Answers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2013","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-8557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Enguita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00facia","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de 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