{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:19:58Z","timestamp":1776381598937,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>. The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment.<jats:italic>Material and Methods<\/jats:italic>. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/592423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T21:12:09Z","timestamp":1401311529000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Synergistic Antimicrobial Action of Chlorhexidine and Ozone in Endodontic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2014","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8497-2186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rita","family":"Noites","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Catholic University of Portugal, Campus Viseu, Estrada da Circunvala\u00e7\u00e3o, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Pina-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Fontes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ac\u00e1cio","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-0724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Pina-vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto, 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