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In the both essential oils 62 compounds were identified. The root essential oils showed the differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (55\u201362%) dominated in both essential oils. The major compounds of HR essential oil were cyperene, 13\u2010norcypera\u20101(5),11(12)\u2010diene, and cadalene while aplotaxene, nardosina\u20101(10),11\u2010diene, and dauca\u20104(11),8\u2010diene dominated in SGR essential oil. Both essential oils showed antibacterial activity especially against <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 29212) and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 27853) (MIC value = 125\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL). HR and SGR essential oils also decreased the expression of IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and the ROS level in LPS\u2010treatment astrocytes. This is the first report to describe the chemical composition of <jats:italic>R. carthamoides<\/jats:italic> essential oil from hairy roots, its protective effect against LPS\u2010induced inflammation and ROS production in astrocytes, and its antimicrobial potential. The results show that <jats:italic>R. carthamoides<\/jats:italic> hairy roots may be a valuable source of the essential oil and may be an alternative to the roots of soil\u2010grown plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8505384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]],"date-time":"2016-12-18T22:38:49Z","timestamp":1482100729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Essential Oils of <i>Rhaponticum carthamoides<\/i> Hairy Roots and Roots of Soil\u2010Grown Plants: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial, Anti\u2010Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Ska\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Rijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Sitarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Kalemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Szemraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Pytel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5182-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Wysoki\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u015aliwi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15129252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30120b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5753139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/181098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"421","article-title":"Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain lamel Kalmia latifolia by use of shoottip culture","volume":"30","author":"Lloyd G. 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