{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:11:54Z","timestamp":1768918314649,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/ECI\/04028\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04349\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/50019\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geofluids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews the results of a multi- and interdisciplinary approach, including geological, geomorphological, tectonic, geochemical, isotopic, and geophysical studies, on the assessment of a Chaves low-temperature (77\u00b0C) CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal system, occurring in the northern part of the Portuguese mainland. This low-temperature geothermal system is ascribed to an important NNE-trending fault, and the geomorphology is dominated by the \u201cChaves Depression,\u201d a graben whose axis is oriented NNE-SSW. The study region is situated in the tectonic unit of the Middle Galicia\/Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes subzone of the Central Iberian Zone of the Hesperic Massif comprising mainly Variscan granites and Paleozoic metasediments. Chaves low-temperature CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal waters belong to the Na-HCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich-type waters, with <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mtext>pH<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>\u2248<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>7<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>. Total dissolved solids range between 1600 and 1850\u2009mg\/L. Free CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is of about 500\u2009mg\/L. The results of SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and K<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/Mg geothermometers give estimations of reservoir temperature around 120\u00b0C. <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O and <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>H values of Chaves low-temperature CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal waters indicate a meteoric origin for these waters. No significant <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O-shift was observed, consistent with the results from the chemical geothermometry. <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>CO2<\/jats:sub> values vary between \u22127.2 and \u22125.1\u2030 vs. V-PDB, and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>He ratios range from 1\u00d710<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> to 1\u00d710<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>, indicating a deep (upper mantle) source for the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>He\/<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>He ratios are of about 0.9 (R\/Ra). The Chaves low-temperature CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal waters present similar <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Sr\/<jats:sup>86<\/jats:sup>Sr ratios (between 0.728035 and 0.716713) to those of the plagioclases from granitic rocks (between 0.72087 and 0.71261) suggesting that water mineralization is strongly ascribed to Na-plagioclase hydrolysis. Geophysical methods (e.g., resistivity and AMT soundings) detected conductive zones concentrated in the central part of the Chaves graben as a result of temperature combined with the salinity of the Chaves low-temperature CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal waters in fractured and permeable rock formations. This paper demonstrates the added value of an integrated and multi- and interdisciplinary approach for a given geothermal site characterization, which could be useful for other case studies linking the assessment of low-temperature CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich geothermal waters and cold CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-rich mineral waters emerging in a same region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1379093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T18:30:29Z","timestamp":1551119429000},"page":"1-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of Chaves Low-Temperature CO<sub>2<\/sub>-Rich Geothermal System (N-Portugal) Using an Interdisciplinary Geosciences Approach"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-7195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. M.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior Tecnico (CERENA\/IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-7848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"P. M.","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (C2TN\/IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, ao km 139, 7 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Aires-Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior Tecnico (CERENA\/IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8797-4008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F. A.","family":"Monteiro Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa-DEGGE-IDL, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Antunes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Super Bock Group, Apartado 1044, 4466-955 S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2987-2836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"P.","family":"Represas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada da Portela, Bairro do Zambujal, Apartado 7586-Alfragide 2610-999 Amadora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77844-5"},{"key":"2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Geothermal background","year":"2003"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(83)90075-2"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1987)99<292:TDOSDN>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"5","year":"1977"},{"key":"6","year":"2002"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(97)00023-0"},{"key":"8","year":"2001"},{"key":"9","year":"2003"},{"key":"10","year":"1978"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2004.06.026"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-2541(01)00397-7"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00015-006-1184-y"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(92)90178-8"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2516\/ogst:2005003"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(82)90053-1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(97)00010-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"18","first-page":"19","volume":"48","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Geophysics"},{"key":"19","first-page":"3","volume":"4","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrog\u00e9ologie"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2003.09.001"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(93)90328-G"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/09.2009.02"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10582-999-0017-4"},{"key":"24","first-page":"1","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Czech Geological Society"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(94)90036-1"},{"key":"26","year":"1981"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12303-010-0034-0"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00766751"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(97)84483-5"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2008.04.004"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.008"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540000151"},{"key":"34","first-page":"1025","volume-title":"Antunes da Silva M (2001) 87Sr\/86Sr and 37Cl\/35Cl signatures of CO2-rich mineral waters (N-Portugal): preliminary results"},{"key":"35","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Groundwater in Fractured Rocks","year":"2003"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-8123.2006.00144.x"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2010.03.002"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2012.03.007"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9208-6"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(90)90448-H"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006TC002058"},{"key":"42","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Chaves geothermal pole","year":"1992"},{"key":"43","volume-title":"Tectonics and geomorfology of Pedras Salgadas region and associated mineral springs","volume":"1","year":"1993"},{"key":"44","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Structural control of the hydromineral springs from Pedras Salgadas region (Vila Pouca de Aguiar - Northern Portugal)","volume":"4","year":"1995"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(75)90014-1"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/TC008i002p00285"},{"issue":"2","key":"47","first-page":"179","volume":"68","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es Servi\u00e7os Geol\u00f3gicos Portugal"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90120-1"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(85)90162-7"},{"key":"50","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Halogen-bearing minerals in plutonic rocks: a possible source of chlorine in saline groundwater in the Canadian Shield","volume":"33","year":"1987"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.264.9.685"},{"key":"52","first-page":"135","volume":"9","year":"1966","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Science"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.275.7.763"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(77)90007-4"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(70)90050-7"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(73)90060-4"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(79)90147-9"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(81)90025-0"},{"key":"60","first-page":"175","volume":"17","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin d\u2019Hydrog\u00e9ologie"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"61","first-page":"146","volume":"12","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"62","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Application of water geochemistry to geothermal exploration and reservoir engineering","year":"1981"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(88)90143-3"},{"key":"64","series-title":"Proc. 8th. New Zealand Geothermal Workshop","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Graphical techniques for the evaluation of water\/rock equilibration conditions by use of Na, K, Mg and Ca contents of discharge waters","year":"1986"},{"key":"66","year":"1988"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(53)90066-0"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(53)90051-9"},{"key":"69","volume-title":"Procedure and technique critique for tritium enrichment by electrolysis at IAEA laboratory","year":"1976"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.105.043"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3467.1833"},{"key":"72","volume":"78","year":"1993"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<0315:SDOOIM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-4713-2013"},{"key":"75","first-page":"277","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions"},{"key":"76","volume-title":"Stable isotope hydrology. Deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water cycle. IAEA, Vienna","year":"1981"},{"key":"77","first-page":"113","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions"},{"key":"78","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Isotopic evidence on environments of geothermal systems","volume":"1","year":"1980"},{"key":"79","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"80","first-page":"830","volume":"20","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogaceta"},{"key":"81","series-title":"Proceedings of the Semin\u00e1rio sobre \u00c1guas Subterr\u00e2neas","volume-title":"The origin of gases and their influence in the mineralization of gasocarbonic waters associated to the R\u00e9gua-Verin structure (Portugal)","year":"2007"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2015.11.004"},{"key":"83","year":"1986"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(77)90054-1"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(78)90110-3"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(91)90046-3"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(96)00110-6"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/jb093ib06p06059"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009625412015"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(00)00414-9"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2007.04.022"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.01.020"},{"key":"93","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction - WRI-9 \/ Taupo","year":"1998"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(78)90131-0"},{"key":"95","volume-title":"Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation","year":"1997"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(80)90010-4"},{"key":"97","first-page":"1415","volume":"52","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Mineralogist"},{"key":"98","first-page":"1","volume-title":"G\u00e9othermie roches chaudes s\u00e8ches: le granite de Soultz-sous-For\u00eats (Bas-Rhin, France)","volume":"88","year":"1990"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(93)90083-4"},{"key":"100","first-page":"353","volume-title":"Alteration mineralogy of the Dixie Valley geothermal system, Nevada","volume":"20","year":"1996"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(96)00007-7"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(97)00010-4"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(95)03066-6"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(89)90089-2"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(89)90054-0"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.61.1153"},{"key":"108","first-page":"337","volume-title":"The origin of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and rare gases in volcanic exhalations: evidence from isotope geochemistry","year":"1983"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(87)90047-1"},{"key":"110","year":"1974"},{"key":"111","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Geofluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/geofluids\/2019\/1379093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/geofluids\/2019\/1379093.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/geofluids\/2019\/1379093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T18:30:36Z","timestamp":1551119436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/geofluids\/2019\/1379093\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["1379093","1379093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1379093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1468-8115","1468-8123"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1468-8115","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-8123","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]}}}