{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:35:25Z","timestamp":1747190125475,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate the efficacy of the \u201cfogging test,\u201d performed with a +2 diopters (D) lens, in the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in school-aged children. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We studied 54 children between 5 and 11\u2009years of age, with 10\/10 best-corrected bilateral visual acuity (VA) without significant degree of correction. VA was assessed in each eye with a \u201cbilateral\u201d +2\u2009D sphere over-refraction followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy. The capacity of the test to detect hyperopia of \u2265+2\u2009D and \u2265+1.5\u2009D was evaluated by examining the respective receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity and specificity values for different cutoff values of VA. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. For the detection of hyperopia \u2265+2\u2009D, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.955 (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). The VA cutoff with best discriminative capacity was \u22655\/10, with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. In respect of \u2265+1.5\u2009D hyperopia, the test capacity was lower (AUC\u2009=\u20090.832; <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). The best VA cutoff was also of \u22655\/10, with a PPV of 81% and a NPV of 85%. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The accuracy of the test was high for the evaluation of \u2265+2\u2009D hyperopia but lower for \u2265+1.5\u2009D hyperopia. For the detection of \u2265+2\u2009D hyperopia, the VA cutoff of &lt;5\/10 may permit the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in selected children, without the need for cycloplegia. For the same cutoff, the PPV was low, meaning that in children with \u22655\/10 VA cycloplegic refraction remains obligatory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3267151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T19:30:55Z","timestamp":1565033455000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Esteves Leandro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-3138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla Sofia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0932-8398","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renato","family":"Santos-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Freitas-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Breda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Falc\u00e3o-Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-163"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(61)92467-9"},{"key":"3","first-page":"69","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Binocular Vision & Strabismus Quarterly"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000467"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.02.066"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31822f4b9c"},{"first-page":"1060","volume-title":"Infants, toddlers and children","year":"1998","key":"7"},{"volume-title":"Clinical refraction. Clinical optics","year":"2015","key":"8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1981.tb03002.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.046755"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(03)00789-x"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970490886594"},{"year":"2012","key":"13"},{"issue":"4","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200104000-00010","volume":"78","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.04.006"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00010"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.134"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318277182c"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200308000-00012"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01983.x"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198710000-00008"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3181bb41de"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12252"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/3267151.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/3267151.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/3267151.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T19:30:57Z","timestamp":1565033457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/3267151\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["3267151","3267151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3267151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-004X","2090-0058"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2090-004X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-0058"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]}}}