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However, information regarding this secretion system in<jats:italic> Mesorhizobium <\/jats:italic>is still very scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and expression of the<jats:italic> traG<\/jats:italic> gene, which encodes a substrate receptor of the T4SS. In addition, the occurrence and genomic context of this and other T4SS genes, namely, genes from<jats:italic> tra\/trb <\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic> virB\/virD4<\/jats:italic> complexes, were also analyzed in order to unveil the structural and functional organization of T4SS in mesorhizobia. The location of the T4SS genes in the symbiotic region of the analyzed rhizobial genomes, along with the<jats:italic> traG<\/jats:italic> phylogeny, suggests that T4SS genes could be horizontally transferred together with the symbiosis genes. Regarding the T4SS structural organization in<jats:italic> Mesorhizobium<\/jats:italic>, the<jats:italic> virB\/virD4<\/jats:italic> genes were absent in all chickpea (<jats:italic>Cicer arietinum<\/jats:italic> L.) microsymbionts and in the<jats:italic> Lotus<\/jats:italic> symbiont<jats:italic> Mesorhizobium japonicum<\/jats:italic> MAFF30309<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">9<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>. Interestingly, the presence of genes belonging to another secretion system (T3SS) was restricted to these strains lacking the<jats:italic> virB\/virD4<\/jats:italic> genes. The<jats:italic> traG<\/jats:italic> gene expression was detected in<jats:italic> M. mediterraneum<\/jats:italic> Ca3<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math> and<jats:italic> M. ciceri<\/jats:italic> LMS-1 strains when exposed to chickpea root exudates and also in the early nodules formed by<jats:italic> M. mediterraneum<\/jats:italic> Ca3<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, but not in older nodules. This study contributes to a better understanding of the importance of T4SS in mutualistic symbiotic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3715271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T18:32:53Z","timestamp":1548873173000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>traG<\/i> Gene Is Conserved across<i> Mesorhizobium<\/i> spp. Able to Nodulate the Same Host Plant and Expressed in Response to Root Exudates"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0362-1630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"Pa\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Elizi\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas (ICAAM), Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada (IIFA), Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-5253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C.","family":"Br\u00edgido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia do Solo, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Ambientais Mediterr\u00e2nicas 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