{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:33:00Z","timestamp":1771662780776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pakistan is the world\u2019s sixth-most populous country with a semi-industrialized economy. It has been always an energy importer and dependent on fossil fuels. Great pressure is imposed on Pakistan\u2019s national grid from the rise in fossil fuel costs, variations in the annual interest rate, and increased costs of greenhouse emissions. To meet the ever-increasing energy demand, the Government of Pakistan has decided to further harness wind and solar energies currently having a negligible share in Pakistan\u2019s energy portfolio. Despite the importance of this issue, no study has been conducted so far on the cogeneration of power, heat, and hydrogen in Pakistan. Accordingly, this study is aimed at technical\u2013economic\u2013environmental sensitivity analysis of supplying electric and thermal loads of a residential building in Karachi by an off-grid wind-solar-fuel cell system. To this end, 4500000 possible cases were analyzed, simulated, and optimized with the HOMER software using 20-year average meteorological data from the NASA website. A sensitivity analysis was performed on this system for the first time in Pakistan. The other novelties are the use of dump loads for converting the surplus electricity into heat and also heat recovering in the fuel cells. The results showed the great potential of the station understudy for supplying the required power and heat by renewable energies. Hydrogen production was also affordable at every emission penalty price with an interest rate of less than 9%. Moreover, dump loads play a key role in supplying the thermal demand. Comparison of the wind turbine\u2013solar cell\u2013fuel cell\u2013battery system with the wind turbine\u2013solar cell\u2013battery and solar cell\u2013battery systems indicated that the internal rate of return and the payback period were, respectively, 9.39% and 11.4\u2009years and 11.7% and 11\u2009years. According to these results, it is recommend that Pakistani authorities promote the use of renewable energies through incentives and investment subsidies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6679358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T18:06:33Z","timestamp":1619633193000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of Emission Penalty and Annual Interest Rate on Cogeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Hydrogen in Karachi: 3E Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-8804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Jahangiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2195-4511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Mostafaeipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran"},{"name":"Faculty Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-3185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Habib Ur","family":"Rahman Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-3726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamed","family":"Saghaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Waqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Bahria University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"270","article-title":"HOMER analysis for integrating solar energy in off-grid and on-grid SCO telecommunication sites","author":"M. 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