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It is primarily transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. midges, and its infection is highly prevalent across temperate and tropical regions. However, significant changes in the global distribution of BTV have been observed in recent years. We aimed to evaluate the national BTV seroprevalence and risk factors among domestic ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goat species) in Peru. Serum samples were collected from 3452 cattle of 453 districts, 2786 sheep of 408 districts, and 1568 goats of 271 districts using a cross\u2010sectional study in two stages (at the district and animal level) from 2017 to 2019 and analyzed by competitive enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The national BTV true seroprevalences at animal level for cattle, sheep, and goats were 20.34% (95% CI: 17.76\u201320.82), 7.63% (95% CI: 7.17\u20139.56), and 8.58% (95% CI: 7.52\u201310.85), while the true districts\u2010level seroprevalences were 31.53% (95% CI: 24.06\u201333.77), 24.41% (95% CI: 18.06\u201327.53), and 13.35% (95% CI: 8.59\u201317.98), respectively. In addition, we found that altitude and maximum temperature were identified as important factors influencing the seroprevalence of BTV in cattle, sheep, and goats. Higher altitudes above 3000\u2009m above sea level (masl) played a protective role, reducing the BTV seroprevalence. In conclusion, antibodies against BTV were detected in Peruvian domestic ruminants without clinical signs. The seroprevalence was low in the South (&lt;10.0%), varied in the Center and North, and high (&gt;30%) in the East (Amazon rainforest). This study lays the groundwork for identifying BTV serotypes and\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in different regions, including altitudes above 3000\u2009masl, to enhance BTV surveillance in Peru.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T07:21:16Z","timestamp":1736493676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Bluetongue Virus in Domestic Ruminants of Peru"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-6599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis A.","family":"Navarro-Mamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8993-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Vargas-Calla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yari","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar A.","family":"Murga-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ibelice","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Villacaqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Ara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hermelinda","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christie E.","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01641-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0481"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12834\/VetIt.646.3183.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00016-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ads6026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.046896-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12625"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.1.2349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020614"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1831708"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1703"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Bluetongue Virus in South America: Overview of Viruses, Vectors, Surveillance and Unique Features","volume":"40","author":"Lager I. 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JuradoJ. andVargas-CallaA. et al.National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Bluetongue Virus in Domestic Ruminants in Peru bioRxiv 2023 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.06.548015.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.06.548015"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:01:44Z","timestamp":1773003704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fedor","family":"Korennoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/tbed\/2690231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/tbed\/2690231","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.07.06.548015","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1865-1674","1865-1682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1674","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-1682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2690231"}}