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PD-L1 expression in malignant cells and macrophages and the density of TAICs expressing CD3, CD4, CD8, CD57, granzyme B, CD45RO, PD-1, FOXP3, and CD68 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and image analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Malignant cells PD-L1 H-score &amp;gt; 5 was detected in 23% of adenocarcinomas and 31% of SCCs, and no significant differences were detected comparing both histologies; the median H-score in macrophages was significantly higher in SCC than in adenocarcinoma (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In adenocarcinoma, high malignant cells PD-L1 expression and high TAIC density correlated with solid histology, smoking history, and airflow limitation. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high CD57-positive cell density correlated with better recurrence-free survival (RFS; P = 0.0236; HR, 0.457) and overall survival (OS; P = 0.0261; HR, 0.481) rates for SCC. High CD68-positive cell density in intratumoral compartment correlated with better RFS (P = 0.0436; HR, 0.553) for adenocarcinoma. The combination of low CD4\/CD8\/C68-positive cell density and PD-L1 H-score &amp;gt;5 in malignant cells identified small subset of adenocarcinomas with worse outcomes (RFS: P = 0.036; HR, 4.299; OS: P = 0.00034; HR, 5.632).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: We detected different PD-L1 expression and TAIC density patterns in NSCLC. Distinct groups of tumor microenvironment correlated with NSCLC clinicopathologic features, including outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6278\u201389. \u00a92016 AACR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-15-2443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T00:37:43Z","timestamp":1464827863000},"page":"6278-6289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Image Analysis\u2013based Assessment of PD-L1 and Tumor-Associated Immune Cells Density Supports Distinct Intratumoral Microenvironment Groups in Non\u2013small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Edwin R.","family":"Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Thoracic\/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Rodriguez-Canales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Blando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Thoracic\/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don L.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Thoracic\/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Heymach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Thoracic\/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Sepesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Swisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annikka","family":"Weissferdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Kalhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 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