{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:14:04Z","timestamp":1792653244947,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["aacrjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)\u2013modified T cells with anti-CD19 specificity are a highly effective novel immune therapy for relapsed\/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is the most significant and life-threatening toxicity. To improve understanding of CRS, we measured cytokines and clinical biomarkers in 51 CTL019-treated patients. Peak levels of 24 cytokines, including IFN\u03b3, IL6, sgp130, and sIL6R, in the first month after infusion were highly associated with severe CRS. Using regression modeling, we could accurately predict which patients would develop severe CRS with a signature composed of three cytokines. Results were validated in an independent cohort. Changes in serum biochemical markers, including C-reactive protein and ferritin, were associated with CRS but failed to predict development of severe CRS. These comprehensive profiling data provide novel insights into CRS biology and, importantly, represent the first data that can accurately predict which patients have a high probability of becoming critically ill.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Significance: CRS is the most common severe toxicity seen after CAR T-cell treatment. We developed models that can accurately predict which patients are likely to develop severe CRS before they become critically ill, which improves understanding of CRS biology and may guide future cytokine-directed therapy. Cancer Discov; 6(6); 664\u201379. \u00a92016 AACR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>See related commentary by Rouce and Heslop, p. 579.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 561<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-16-0040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,13]],"date-time":"2016-04-13T23:34:54Z","timestamp":1460590494000},"page":"664-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1036,"title":["Identification of Predictive Biomarkers for Cytokine Release Syndrome after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"David T.","family":"Teachey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon F.","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"5Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Joseph","family":"Melenhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"5Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Maude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"7Department of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"8Division of Hematology-Oncology, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Pequignot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"5Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"5Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Finklestein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"5Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania."},{"name":"3Abramson Cancer Center, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School 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