{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:58:52Z","timestamp":1793303932845,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["aacrjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Immunotherapy has recently entered a renaissance phase with the approval of multiple agents for the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy stands ready to join traditional modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy, as a pillar of cancer treatment. Although immunotherapy has begun to have success in advanced cancer treatment, its scheduling and efficacy with surgery to treat earlier stages of cancer and prevent distant metastases have not been systematically examined. Here, we have used two models of spontaneously metastatic breast cancers in mice to illustrate the significantly greater therapeutic power of neoadjuvant, compared with adjuvant, immunotherapies in the context of primary tumor resection. Elevated and sustained peripheral tumor-specific immune responses underpinned the outcome, and blood sampling of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells immediately prior to and post surgery may provide a predictor of outcome. These data now provide a strong rationale to extensively test and compare neoadjuvant immunotherapy in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Significance: We demonstrate the significantly greater therapeutic efficacy of neoadjuvant, compared with adjuvant, immunotherapies to eradicate distant metastases following primary tumor resection. Elevated and sustained peripheral tumor-specific immune responses underpinned the outcome, and blood sampling of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells immediately prior to and post surgery may provide a predictor of outcome. Cancer Discov; 6(12); 1382\u201399. \u00a92016 AACR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>See related commentary by Melero et al., p. 1312.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1293<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-16-0577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,23]],"date-time":"2016-09-23T22:29:21Z","timestamp":1474669761000},"page":"1382-1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":834,"title":["Improved Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Compared to Adjuvant Immunotherapy to Eradicate Metastatic Disease"],"prefix":"10.1158","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"2Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"3School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.R.","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Harjunp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"3School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Foong","family":"Ngiow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arabella","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"3School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake S.","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"2Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."},{"name":"3School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research 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